GENDER

Question 1

What are the 3 main Hormones in sex and gender

Answer 1

• Testosterone
• Oestrogen
• Oxytocin

Question 2

What is the role of Testosterone

Answer 2

Testosterone is believed to be responsible for typically male behaviors, such as aggression, competitiveness and superior visuo-spatial abilities. Males also have a surge of testosterone during puberty, and this is responsible for secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and deepening voice.

Question 3

What is the Role of Oestrogen

Answer 3

Oestrogen in females governs the development of secondary sexual characteristics and menstruation from adolescence onwards.

Question 4

What is the role of Oxytocin

Answer 4

produces feelings of contentment and calmness.

Question 5

What are the 2 Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development

Answer 5

• Kohlbergs Cognitive Developmental Theory

- Gender Schema Theory

Question 6

What are Atypical sex chromosome Patterns

Answer 6

Anything other than the usual XX female and XY male chromosomes

Question 7

What is Klinefelters Syndrome

Answer 7

A chromosomal condition that involves having an extra X chromosome XXY

Question 8

What does Klinefelters Syndrome affect

Answer 8

Physical and Congnitive development

Question 9

What are the physical Characteristics of KS

Answer 9

small, firm testes, a small penis, sparse pubic, armpit and facial hair, enlarged breasts

Question 10

What are the Psychological Characteristics of KS

Answer 10

These may include academic difficulties, delayed speech and language acquisition

Question 11

What is Turners Syndrome

Answer 11

A genetic condition which involves having one complete X chromosome in each cell

Question 12

What the physical Characteristics of TS

Answer 12

a short neck with a webbed appearance, a low hairline at the back of the head, low-set ears

Question 13

What is Kohlbergs Theory of Gender development

Answer 13

Perceives children as developing an understanding of gender in stages.

Question 14

What are Kohlbergs 3 stages

Answer 14

• Stage 1=Basic gender Identity 18 months-3 years
• Stage 2=Gender Stability 3-5 years
• Stage 3=Gender Consistency 6-7 years

Question 15

What happens in Stage 1

Answer 15

Childs Recogonition of being male or female.

Question 16

What happens in Stage 2

Answer 16

Most Children Recognise that people retain gender but rely on superficial physical signs to determine gender

Question 17

What happens in stage 3

Answer 17

Children Realise that gender is permamnent

Question 18

What is a Criticms Of Kohlbergs Cognitive development Thoery

Answer 18

Research to support His theory of his stages. E.g.,Munroe found the same Sequences of development. T.S.T Stages must be driven by biology opposed or culteral differences.

Question 19

What is a gender Schema

Answer 19

An Organised Belief about the 2 sexes

Question 20

What are the 2 types of Schemas

Answer 20

• In gorup

- Out group

Question 21

What are in-gorup Schemas

Answer 21

Attitudes and Expectations For Ones own gender

Question 22

What are out-Group Schemas

Answer 22

Attitudes and Expectations for opposite Gender

Question 23

What are the 4 stages

Answer 23

-Preschool
4-5 years
5-6 Years
-Late childhood

Question 24

What happens during the Pre-School Stage

Answer 24

Learn what activities go with each gender and behaviour

Question 25

What happens during 4-5 years

Answer 25

Learn Subttle and complex sets of associations for thier own gender

Question 26

What happens during 5-6 years

Answer 26

Gender consistancy develops

Question 27

What happens during the Late Childhood

Answer 27

Understand the rules are just social Constructions and gender schemas are more flexible

Question 28

What did Masters et al 1979 find

Answer 28

Gender Schemas Affect us from a young age

Question 29

What did Campbell 2000 find

Answer 29

Young children are more likely to interact with babys of the same sex

Question 30

What did Aubry et al 1999 find

Answer 30

Once a belief has taken hold that an idea was for the opposite sex reduced preference for that development=Gender Schemas Affect Behaviour

Question 31

What are 2 Strengths of Evaluation Of the Gender Schema Theory

Answer 31

- Able to explain why children do not immitate all behaviour displayed. E.g., a child will copy gender-appropriate behaviour but not non-gender appropriate behaviour=Supports Martins et al research. - Research supports thoery. E.g., Masters found children between 4-5 select toys with thier own gender label=Illustrates application of Gender schemas as even when faced with contradicting behaviours.

Question 32

What are 2 Limitations of Evaluation Of the Gender Schema Theory

Answer 32

- Contradicting Research.E.g., Campbell found 2 year old B and G who posses high levels of gender knowledge did not display preferences to play with gender specific toys. T.S.T The claim that children develop thier behaviour will be consistent with perception of thier own gender is flawed. - too simplistic. E.g., ignores biological factors asssumed all gender behaviour developed through cognitive means=Environmentally Reductionist.