Gender Flashcards
(29 cards)
Outline Bem (1974) - BSRI androgeny self report
- Gave participants 7 point scale of 60 charecteristics
- Scored based on masculinity/femininty
2 positive evaluation points of Bem (1974)
- High test-retest reliability
- Seperated gender from sex
2 negative evaluation points of BSRI
- Lacks temporal valdity (some traits are not necessarily true anymore)
- Oversimplifies gender into ‘traits’, not hollistic
What are the three hormones which influence gender?
- Testosterone
- Oestrogen
- Oxytocin
Wagner (1980) - castrated mice study
- Castrated male mice showed reduced agression
- Injection of testosterone reversed change
Quadago et al (1977) - monkeys and testosterone
- Female monkeys prenatally exposed to higher levels testosterone
- Engaged in more aggressive/rough and tumble play
What are 2 limitations of the biological approach in gender development?
- Biologically determinist
- Reductionist
Outline Klinefelters syndrome
Identify the genotype and the charecteristics
- XXY genotype
- Long limbs, breast development, no facial hair
Outline Turners syndrome
- XO genotype
- Sterile, short, high level of verbal skill
Outline Kohlberg’s theory of gender devlopment
- Indentity : 2-3 years
- Stability : 4-5 years
- Constancy : 6+ years
After constancy, children begin to learn gender-appropriate stereotypes
Slaby and Frey (1975) - research evidence for Kohlberg
- Children aged 4 did not recognise the stability of traits over time
- Children in the constancy stage showed more interest in watching same sex role models
What are two negative evaluations for Kohlberg’s theory?
- Children aged 3 showed gender behaviour/constancy (Martin and Little)
- Boys show constancy at an earlier age than girls, not accounted for in the model.
Outline gender schema theory
- Gender schema formed
- Child seeks out more info about the ingroup
- Negatively evaluate outgroup to increasing feeling of belonging
Martin and Halverson (1983) - remembering photographs
- Children under 6
- More likely to to remember gender consistent photographs when tested a week later
Bardbard et al (1986) - gendered items
- 4 to 9 year olds
- Took more interest in ‘gender consistent’ items
Outline the Oedipius complex (4)
- Phallic stage (4-5yrs)
- Boys desire mother, want father dead
- Castration anxitey comes about
- Resolved by idenitfying with the father
Outline the Electra complex (4)
- Phallic stage (4-5yrs)
- Girls have penis envy
- Compete with mother for fathers attention
- Resolved with identification and replace penis envy with baby desire
Levin (1921) - reasearch support for the psychodynamic theory
- 32 patients with BPD
- 22 had unresolved Electra complex
What are 2 negative evaluations of the psychodyanmic theory?
- Children do not know what oppposite sex gentalia looks like
- Does not account for one parent/same-sex families (Patterson)
Outline SLT theory for gender development (4)
- Gender behaviours learnt from same sex role-models
- Vicarious reinforcement
- Mediational processes required
- Maintenance through differential reinforcement
Smith and Lloyd (1978) - adult reinforcement
- 6 month old babies dressed in either boys or girls clothes
- Adults reinforced behaviour for the gender they percieved, eg with specific toys
What are two negative evaluation points of the SLT theory?
- Reductionist
- Peers are too young to influence gender behaviour, they only reinforce gender stereotypes
Pingree (1978) - role of media on gender roles
- Found sterotyping was reduced when children were shown women in non-traditonal gender roles
Mcghee and Freuh (1980) - 25 hours of TV vs 10
- Longitudinal study of children aged 6-12
- Those who watched more than 25 hours of TV a week showed more stereotyping than those who watched less than 10
