Gender Flashcards
What is the difference model?
The idea that men and women are just different and avoids blaming men for being dominant and women as submissive
What is Konrad Kuipers theory?
That men are less likely to save face during all male talk using a lot more insults and slang than in intrasex relationships
What is the report vs rapport theory?
- That men speak assymetrically,one at a time,negotiate status,public speaking
- That women speak symmetrically,overlap,build relationships,private speaking
Who came up with the Gender similarities hypothesis and what does it mean?
- More similarities than differences between genders
- Hyde
What is Jennifer Coates’s theory?
That all female talk is cooperative and to help negotiate due to different socio-cultural expectations
Who came up with the idea of women having positive politeness strategies,male talk establishes rapport for insults and all female talk is more collaborative?
Jane Pilkington
What are the four models of gender?
Deficit
Difference
Dominance
Diversity
What are examples for the deficit model?
- Specialised vocabulary around domestic terms (e.g. lavender vs purple)
- Use of hedges (you know)
- tag questions
- Empty adjectives
- weak expletives
What is the deficit model?
The idea that women’s language is deficit in some way and men’s is the standard
What are the theories for the deficit theory?
- Robin Lakoff sees it as a feature of socialisation and reinforces insincerity in places such as the media
- Janet Holmes- Tag questions are used as softeners
What theories are against the deficit model?
Dubois and Crouch- Men used more tag questions than women
O’barr and Atkinson- Features occur in male speech more ‘powerless language’ than gendered language
What is the dominance theory?
- The idea that men were seen as controlling and dominating in mixed-sex conversations
- Reinforced inferiority of women
What did Zimmerman and West discover?
- That 96% of all interruptions in mixed sex conversations made by men- imposes inferiority
- That women had restricted linguistic freedom
- However it was shown that this could be applied to other conversations e.g. between parents and children
What does the discrepancy of negative terms between genders suggest?
- 220 negative terms for sexually promiscuous female only 20 for men
- SUggests a perceived inferiority of women
What did MIlls suggest about feminine forms of speech?
That feminine forms of speech can also dominate a conversation and tend to be successful for social control
