Gender Flashcards
(21 cards)
4 External factors of gender differences in achievement
Impact of feminism
Changes in the family
Changes in women’s employment
Girls changing ambitions
Impact of feminism on gender
Raised women’s expectations and self esteem
Mcrobbies study- of girl magazines. 1970’s importance of getting married and not being “left on the shelf” but now they contain images of assertive independant women.
Impact of changes in the family on gender
- increase in divorce rate: unwise to rely on husband to be provider. Encourages girls to get their own qualifications
- increase in lone parent families: more women take on breadwinner role. New role model of financially independant women
Impact of changes in women’s employment on gender
1970 equal pay act
More women in paid work
“Breaking through glass ceiling”
Encouraged girls to see future in terms of paid work rather than housewives. Incentive for girls to gain qualifications
Impact of girls changing ambitions on gender
Sharpe’s- interview with girls in 70’s and 90’s. Girls had low aspirations, educational success unfeminine, priorities marriage husband children
90’s- career and independance
6 Internal factors of gender differences in achievement
Equal opportunities policies
Positive role models in school
GCSE and coursework
Teacher attention
Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum
Selection and league tables
Impact of equal opportunities policies on gender
Feminist ideas had major impact. GIST and WISE. Female scientists visited schools. Intro of national curriculum
Impact of Positive role models in school for gender achievement
More female teachers and heads. Women can achieve positions of importance. To become a teacher, must undertake a lengthy and successful education herself
Impact of GCSE and coursework on gender achievement
Gender gap fairly constant till gcse introduced and coursework. Mitsos and Browne- girls more successful in coursework and better organised. These factors help girls benefit. These characteristics are result of early gender role socialisation in the family
Ao3- Elwood- Exams have more influence than coursework overall
Impact of teacher attention on gender achievement
Boys recieved more negative attention due to reprimands. Disciplined harsher and teacher’s had lower expectations of them.
Boys dominate whole class discussions and girls prefer pair work (better at listening and cooperating). Girls involve turn taking while boys do hostile interruptions. Explains why teachers respond positively to girls. May lead to self fulfilling prophecy
Impact of challenging stereotypes in the curriculum on gender achievement
Removal of gender stereotypes from learning materials. Before- women housewives, frightened by science.
Now- sexist images removed.
Impact of selection and league tables on gender achievement
Girls desirable as better exam results. Self fulfilling prophecy as more likely to do well. Boys may be seen as “liability students”
Radical feminist view of girls achievement
Sexual harassment of girls continues
More female head teachers but male more likely to become heads
Women underrepresented in many areas of curriculum
Archer- 3 ways wc girls gain symbolic capital
Hyper- heterosexual feminine identities
Boyfriends
Being loud
Hyper-heterosexual feminine identity
Invested time effort and money into constructing desirable and glamorous identities.
Conflict with school. Punished for having the wrong appearance. School “othering” the girls, incapable of educational success and less worthy of respect. Bordieu- symbolic violence
Boyfriends
Got in the way of schoolwork and lowered aspirations. No longer wanted to go uni or study “masculine” subjects.
Work locally.
One girl had to drop out after becoming pregnant
Being “loud”
Questioning teachers authority. Teachers interpreted as aggressive rather than assertive
Working class girls dilemma
Symbolic capital or educational capital.
Some girls tried to cope by saying they are “good underneath”
Successful working class girls study
Evans- 21 wc sixth form girls, girls wanted to go uni to increase earning power for family. Reflected their feminine identity of caring.
Fear of debt so lived at home. Limits their success from elite unis
2 internal factors affecting boys achievement
Boys and literary
Globalisation and decline of traditional men’s jobs
2 external factors affecting boys achievement
Feminisation of education
Shortage of male primary school teachers
