Gender Flashcards
(19 cards)
Sex vs gender
Biological status vs characteristics and behaviours
Role of sex chromosomes and hormones in sec and gender development
Sex chromosomes
-female XX
-male XY
Hormones
Testosterone- males produce more
-sex, secondary male sexual characteristics like facial and body hair growth muscle growth.
Gender- more =more aggressive competitive and assertive
Oestrogen - females produce more
Sex -regulates menstrual cycle and development of breasts.
Gender- more emotional intelligence.
Oxytocin
Love hormone
Gender more loving and caring.
Evaluation for role of chromosomes and hormones
+david Reimer
+dabbs
-tricker
Article sec patterns
Klinefelters-male
XXY
sex- longer limbs sparse body and facial hair
Gender- poor reading and writing skills less assertive
Turners - female
X
Sex - wife neck and shoulders and short
Gender- good reading skills difficulty sustaining friendships.
Social learning theory
Gender is learnt through observation and imitation of gender typical behaviours
Identification- observe models that they identify with , same sex ideal characteristics.
Vicarious reinforcement and punishment - child sees Sam sex model being rewarded for displaying gender appropriate behaviours or punished for displaying non conforming gender Behaviours.
Mediational processes
Attention- on same sec model looked up to
Retention- see behaviours again and again
Reproduction- feels capable to imitate
Motivation-motivated to achieve same status ‘nice girl’
Evaluation of SLT
+Perry and buddy, fruit
+dress babies as girls
-dabbs chromosomes and hormones
Cultural influences on gender - supporting SLT and biology
If gender typical behaviours vary across cultures =SLT however is consistent =biological
Mead - papa new gineau tribe women more dominant and organised SLT
munroe- most cultures and societies work is divided women domestic and male labour
Media influences on gender
SLT
Stereotyped gender behaviours are widely available through media
Men and women jobs typical
And relationship brqteeen consuming media and stereotypes
More child exposed to media more stereotypes
Kohlberg cognitive development theory of gender
Develops in age related stages
Gender identity -2-3- recognises own gender however based on external characteristics, doesn’t know it’s stable
Gender stability -4-5 own gender is stable confused by changes in external characteristics
Gender constant -6+ - all gender is constant , identify w same sex models and imitate their behaviour
Evaluation of kohlberg
+asked children mummy or daddy when they grow up , answer correctly at 4.
-buddy and bandura, supports gender schema theory as reported feeling good to play with gender typical toys at age 4.
Gender schema theory and evaluation
At 2-3 identify own sex and stTt to build grander relevant schemas- frameworks of info associated w each gender, over time more rigid.
In group out group
+showed drawings of males and females engaging in female masculine and birthday activities.
+bussyw and bandura
-showed toys and eye tracking , before age of 4 , 3-8months
Psychodynamic explanation
Phaliic - notice own gentials
Oedipus - desire for mother, father as rival, thinks father will found out abt love for mother, castration anxiety, realises father more powerful than them and identities.
Electra - girls admiration for father , realises penis envy , mad at mother , realises she havw her ability to have baby and identify and internalise w mother .
Evaluation psychodynamic explanation
+little hans , fear of horses, father .
-ideographic research, unique and no ibserve evidence of castrationa anxiety.
Androgyny and BSRI and evaluation
Balance of masculine and feminine characteristics
Found that high levels of androgynous = better mental health as more able to adapt to a greater range of situations (male as nurse)
-may have bad balance of traits competitive and emotional
Beams sex role inventory
Measure androgyny. Make female and neural questions ranked how much link to ur personality
+face validity students answers matched up
-Temporal validity 1970/ are women still shy.
Atypical gender development
Gender dysphoria
-strong persistent feelings of identification w opposite gender and discomft w their sex.
Buooofvial explanation and evaluation
Brain sex theory
People who experience gender dusphoria, their BSTC is usually 2 times as big in men, therefore have abnormal.
+found that male to female transgenders had smaller bstc
-cause and effect found that males who take hormone therapy to turn into a woman, can make bstc smaller.
Social explanation
Psychoanalytic
Psychodynamic approach to h see dysphoria
During Pepsis complex her separation a city from mothers if not resolved identify a mother =gender dysphoria
+found that biological males woo have gender diaspora had overly close relationship w mothers.
