Gender Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is the relationship between gdp and female labour force participation
What is the trend?
Which paper says this?
U shape
Goldin (1995)
Shows structural transformation as initially low GDP countries have high female labour force then it decreases and then increases again when they get developed
In Poor countries how does the role of women in Labour force change?
What is the journey from start to finish.
Initially in Poor countries women work on the farm
Their labour force participation decreases with increase in non-agriculutral work for:
- Rise in wage and income earned by men (ease out household constraint)
- Women stay at home for domestic work
- Social norms against women doing blue collar work
- Then middle income to high income goes industrial to service.
(White collar work)
Draw the graph of period 1 women work and childcare.
What happens to PPF in period 2
- PPF shifts up as outside options increase and income constraint relaxes.
- Therefore, you have more time for child work
What happens in period 3?
- An outside option in the from of service makes a diagonal line
- However, utility decreases as there is stigma S which shifts the utility down.
- But then the stigma gets lower and lower
What does the Goldin (1995)
What happens in period 4?
- The wage improves so the budget constraint gets steeper which means utility increases even more and hence even less hours are spent on child care.
What is the relationship between secondary education enrolment between male and female?
What is the conclusion from this?
- Almost a perfect 45 degree line across developing and developed countries
- Conclusion is that education may not be a determinant of less women in labour force.
What is the relationship between
GDP per capita and fertility rate?
Initially negative relationship but then plateaus which makes us rule out as a determinant.
What is the difference between enrolment men and women agricultural?
- Not significant difference from the 45 degree line
What is the difference between men and women share of industrial work?
- agri to industrial is structural transformation
- All countries are to the left of 45 degree line which suggests male domination
What is the difference between men and women share of service work?
- More women are in the service than men
What are the determinants of low women labour force determination?
- A story of structural transformation when moving from agriculutre to industrial
What are the two required readings?
Goldin (1995)
Field et al (2020)
What is an outliier to the U shape by Goldin (1995)
- India female participation of labour force is constantly falling
What has been the trend of female participation in India?
What is striking about this?
- Female participation has carried on going down
- Even if MGRENS programme that was a policy towards
What is field et al (2020) about?
Collaborate with the government of Madyha Pradesh (India) (State)
Evaluate the effect of opening bank account on MNGRNS workers.
- Government will provide employment during lean season not to just individual but to entire household
- Wage will go to dedicated bank account
- Issue was even if female members are working they had no power over the bank account.
- Five experimental groups
- Control (some women have bank accounts some do not)
- AO (Women are invited to open a bank account)
- Training (Women are invited to drive and given financial training)
- Direct deposit (Encouraged to open bank account and Women are paid MGNREGS wages on bank account)
- Direct deposit + training (Encouraged to open bank account, paid in bank account and given training)
- In results look at 3 main groups
- Labour supply
- Account Use
- Empowerment
- Those who get both direct deposit and training they have a significant positive effect on labour supply
- For account use, deposit and training exhibited positive effect
- Interpretations:
- Training is required to get women to use accounts
- Direct debit combined with training is most effective
- it has a positive effect on female labour supply
- The D and T, these women labour supply did not only increase in the public works but also in other work sectors / positive spillover.
- They look at a long term survey, they did three follow up surveys to see lasting effects on the social norms.
- The 4 norms were grouped into, Personal Beliefs, Acceptance and Perceived norms.
- Only D and T have positive signficant on female own norms and percieved norms
- For men only positive percieved norms
- Interpretations:
- Strenghtening women’s control over earnings increases their incentive to work
- change in bargaining in their household changes social atittudes.
What is Burstzyn et al (2018) saying
Social norms against women working are weaker than men think
Gulf countries have
- Survey on 500 saudi men collected views
- Results:
Men think they are - Inform randomly selected group about their opinion.
- They find that correct belief about when men were given information about conservative positioning.
When neighbour was less conservative than what you think - Correcting views increases women wifes signing up to job matching.
- So correcting beliefs is important.
What is the relationship between GDP and sexual violence.
- As GDP increases, violence decreases
What is Borker (2020)
Borker (2020) argues that safety perception is a major determinant in choosing university college in Delhi.
- However, the best colleges can be in areas where sexual violence is high.
- Broker (2020) argues that safety is a major determinant of college choice.
- Survey of 3948 male and female students in Delhi
- Data on perception of safety by area
- They geolocate to see if crimes are in particular areas
- the insidence of events
- girls are choosing low quality colleges that are safer
- for men higher quality score means higher quality college.
- high score student women will choose higher safety college.
- Women sacrificed 4x more college quality
What is the motivation behind how different income women work?
- In poor income countries women work on a farm as they cannot afford to not work.
- As male starts getting agriculture work male participation decreases:
- household budget constraint relaxes
- women stay at home for domestic work
- social norms against women doing very heavy work
- However, as the country develops further and there is white collar work the wage is so high they move to that sector.
Draw the Goldin (1995) graph in period 1, 2 and 3?
Why does the PPF shift up in period 2?
As the emergence of agriculture work, increases the outside option and thus decreases the income contraint.
What is the caveat in the final period for women work?
Comes with the stigma S that shifts down the indifference curve, therefor e the income gain may not be important.
- over time the stigma keeps falling
