Gender Flashcards
(35 cards)
Kholberg’s stages of G. development with ages
Gender identity - 2-3yrs
Gender stability - 3-7yrs
Gender consistency - 7-12yrs
Stages of G. development according to Slaby + Fray
Gender identity - 4yrs
Gender stability - 4.5yrs
Gender consistency - 5yrs (Kholberg)
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Conservation in inanimate objects; apply to gender; gender consistency (Kholberg)
Wainraub
observation of 2-3yr olds. Children who had good understanding of gender chose more gender stereotyped toys; acting how they thought they SHOULD (Kholberg)
Munroe
Sequence of gender development is universal (e.g. Kenya/Nepal); cognitive factors more important than social (Kholberg)
Martin + Little
Pre-school children had minimal gender understanding but very gender stereotypical toy preferences; Kholberg’s stages were wrong
Main difference between gender schema theory and Kholberg
Happens at a much younger age
Bem’s ‘lenses’ through which we view the world
Gender polarisation (men and women are physiologically and psychologically different). Androcentrism (men=dominant). Biological essentialism (these diffs are all natural) (G. schema)
Bauer
modelled G. stereotyped behaviour to kids as young as 2.
Male: shaving a teddy Female: changing its nappy Neutral: going on a treasure hunt. Boys recall male behaviours only, girls recall all; boys use G. schemas before girls
Martin et. al
showed kids “boy” toys and “girl” toys. Girls played with toys called “for girls” and vice versa (G. schema)
Liben + Sinorella
Showed kids pics of adults engaging in activities typically of the opposite sex: female firefighter, male nurse. Children later insisted that nurse was female, firefighter was male; kids register info consistent with their gender schemas
Baby X studies
If child arbitrarily given a boy’s name, pps adopted more physical play and male-stereotyped toys; evidences pps’ gender schemas. -ve: highly controlled (social influences on gender roles)
Langois + Downs
when children played with opp. gender toys: mothers - accepting, fathers - openly disapproving, peers - -ve reaction (social influences on gender roles)
Bussey and Bandura
3-4yr olds: “would you feel ‘great or ‘really awful’ if you played with same/cross-sex toys?” +ve to same sex -ve to cross-sex toys (-ve range of responses) (social influences on gender roles)
2 types of socialising agent
Informal (friends, family)
Formal (police, teachers)
(social influences on gender roles)
Social cognitive theory
Cognitions - dressed/given toys G. appropriate
Social processes - praise/punishment
Schemas - what they decide for themselves (social influences on gender roles)
Durkin
7-12yr olds use TV to adjust their understanding of gender (social influences on gender roles)
Lauer
British childrens’ TV strongly portrays gender stereotypes (social influences on gender roles)
Influence of schools
Teachers=role models. 75% primary teachers=female. Maths, science=mainly male-taught
Wolffian system
SRY gene, TDF produced, gonads - testes, testes: testosterone, development of male characteristics (biological influences on gender development)
Mullerian system
absence of SRY gene, absence of TDF, gonads - ovaries (biological influences on gender development)
The Brain (testosterone)
Testosterone slows down development of emotional area and speeds up development of systematising area…masculation of the brain during pregnancy (opposite for women) (biological influences on gender development)
Geshwind + Galaburda
Right hemisphere: spatial awareness, Left hemisphere: language.
Men: thicker right-hemisphere of the brain; improved spatial awareness but reduced verbal reasoning skills (biological influences on gender development)
Driesen
Corpus callosum (connection between hemispheres) is larger in females. Explains their superior ability to read non-verbal emotional indicators (biological influences on gender development)
