Gender and Development Frameworks Flashcards
(45 cards)
Theoretical-based Modernization Theory that originated from Liberal Feminism
Women in Development (WID)
focus: need to integrate women in economic system
contribution: women’s question became visible
Women in Development (WID)
Theoretical-based Structuralism (Dependency Theory) that emerged as a critique of modernization theory
Women and Development (WAD)
focus: relationship between women and development processes
contribution: accepts women as important economic actors
Women and Development (WAD)
Theoretical-based Socialist Feminist that developed as an alternative to WID in the 1980s
Gender and Development (GAD)
focus: holistic; it looks at all aspect of women’s lives
contribution: does not exclusively emphasize women’s solidarity; welcomes contribution of sensitive men
Gender and Development (GAD)
Theoretical-based Ecofeminism
Women, environment and Development (WED)
earliest framework of gender and development
Welfare approach
women as passive recipients of development aid;
focus on women’s roles in the family and their needs for welfare services;
women seen in terms of reproductive roles
Welfare approach
criticism of welfare approach
narrow focus on women’s welfare without addressing the structural inequalities they faced
response to limitations of the welfare model (1970s); pioneered by feminist economists like Ester Boserup
Women in Development (WID)
emphasized integrating women into existing development programs
recognition of women’s contributions to economic productivity;
development outcomes
address economic disparities by promoting women’s access to resources such as credit and education
Women in Development (WID)
built on WID but critiqued its limitations
Women and Development (WAD)
Critique of development processes before WAD
They often exploit women’s labor without benefiting them equitably
- emphasized that women have always been integral to development, not merely beneficiaries of aid
- women-only projects that could empower women outside patriarchal structures
- highlighting the need for distinct recognition of women’s roles and contributions
Women and Development (WAD)
- shifted focus from women alone to a broader analysis of gender relations
- examines how societal structures affect both men and women differently
- gender-sensitive transformations within socio-economic systems
- emphasizes that true equality requires addressing power dynamics between genders rather than merely integrating women into existing frameworks
Gender and Development (GAD)
- emphasized grassroots initiatives aimed at empowering women through awareness-raising,
political mobilization, and community organizing - sustainable change must involve women’s active participation in decision-making processes
at all levels
Empowerment Approach
- promoting women’s rights through a rights-based approach
- obligated states to take concrete actions to eliminate discrimination and promote gender equality
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
any distinction, exclusion, or restriction based on sex that impairs women’s enjoyment
of human rights on an equal basis with men
discrimination against women
Under what framework did the government’s plan of action aim to solve the problem of underdevelopment and the inferior position of women in the socio-economic structures?
WID framework
- from equity to poverty approach
- focus on how to integrate the poorest of the poor
- goal: integrate women in the development process through education and training
Cory under WID
(under Cory) review of the Five-Year Development Plan showed much emphasis on ‘health and nutrition needs of pregnant and lactating mothers’
Emphasis on Women as mothers
(under Cory) negative connotation that for the most part women are “dependent” while on the contrary, there is an increasing number of women as household heads
Women as Social Welfare Beneficiaries
works for women; concern: for family in general
MSSD - Ministry for Social Services & Development
