Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

sociology final exam > Gender and sex PART IV (Undoing gender, Gender and the workplace & Gender and Sex) > Flashcards

Gender and sex PART IV (Undoing gender, Gender and the workplace & Gender and Sex) Flashcards

1
Q

Why study gender?

A

-It is inevitably and unavoidably always with us.
-Because common sense is taken for granted through notions like …
–> Men and women are different.
–> Everybody knows what a “man” is and what “a woman is”.
–> Gender differences are natural.
… are too simple to be sociologically accurate or true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the strict casual flow of traditional sociological thinking?

A

Sex –> Gender –> Sexuality.

ex. Man –> Masculine –> heterosexual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do Marxist’s view feminism?

A
  • Class and gender are viewed through women role in domestic labour.
  • Meg Luxtons four components of domestic labour:
    1. Reproduction of labour power
    2. Child bearing and rearing (Future labour)
    3. Housework
    4. Transformation of wages into goods and services (shopping, money management)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does Weber suggest social closure is?

A
  • Exclusion and segregation as central to the reproduction of social inequality.
  • Efforts made to cut. off entrance and opportunity to rewards of others.
  • Women excluded and marginalized.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the limitations of sex and gender?

A
  • There is a lack of focus on how gender is reproduced through social interaction
  • Gender is not simply an individual characteristic
  • Inequalities among men
  • Terms used need to be challenged (sex versus gender)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can we make the distinction between “sex” and “Gender” ?

A

Early feminists theorized a strong distinction between biological and social aspects interwoven in gender identity.
SEX - Biological criteria for classifying people as male or female.
GENDER - Social.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How has the understanding of gender as social and sex as biological lost its appeal in the sociology discipline?

A

This understanding lost its appeal within the sociology discipline because,
1. Biological distinctions denoted by the term “sex” are not always clear cut.
2. Our bodies are experienced in social contexts.
3. The way we understand biology, the
“maleness: and “femaleness” are immensely affected by social presumptions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is sex a social construct?

A

“Sex” is a word used to describe how many different things are somewhat correlated.

  • Because we see all of those things more or less tend to go together, we group people into categories - male and female-then call that categorization sex.
  • Sex is not any of the physical things in the body ((Chromosomes, hormones, gonads, hair, muscle mass), it is our name for the correlations among them.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the social construct important?

A
  • Description of “sex” oversimplifies things.
  • In 1900, we saw much talk about how intelligence was part of sex, men were regarded as “smarter than women”
  • The biological correlations and differences we think of as part of sex change with time and social context.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three ways of thinking about gender?

A
  1. Difference
  2. Division
  3. Doing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do we understand Gender as a difference?

A

Roles, Sex/Gender, Gendered knowledge (Ex. science)

Sex: Refers to correlation of biological differences such 
as chromosomes (XX or XY), genitalia or breast development.

Gender: Roles and appearances we act in our lives which mark us as feminine or masculine, girls or boys.

Through socialization, we learn socially acceptable gender role expectations: Certain behaviours are suitable for girls, boys, women, men as defined by society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Caster Semenya fights against flawed and hurtful rules?

A

To rest the speculation about eligibility to participate in female events. However she lost her appeal regarding testosterone levels as a trans woman….?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do we know about gender as difference?

A

Sex: biological differences between males and females.
-Genitalia
-Hormone levels
-Facial hair
-Average physical size
-Average physical strength
What if women/girls are not allowed to nurture their physical talents?
Problems with rigid sex differences:
1. Intersex individuals have physical characteristics considered “male” and “female”
2. Bodies influenced by social context.
3. Biological sex characteristic influenced by gender biases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who developed the idea of doing gender?

A

West and Zimmerman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the key points to consider in regards to gender and the workplace?

A
  • Gender is a basic principle of social structure, and cultural interpretation.
  • Gender is ubiquitous as an organizing principal (although it can vary in salience in different contexts)
  • Gender inequalities created at multiple levels, and through multiple dynamics.
  • Gender intersects with other inequalities - the way gender inequality is experienced and created is not universal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do our understandings of gender of gender simply reflect biological differences between men and women?

A

categorization – increases mental distance across categories, decrease it within them.
“Large significant inequalities in advantages among human beings correspond mainly to categorical differences such as black/white, male/female, citizen/foreigner.. rathe than to individual differences in attributes, propensities, or performances.” PP 8 Tilly, Charles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What usually elaborates differences of men and women?

A

Social practices!

aka social constructs.

Gendered cultural imagery - Dad passing daughter off to husband at wedding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the “smurfette principle”?

A

The smurfette is labelled as just the girl(female) where the men have multiple ways of identifying not just by their gender ex”grumpy, sleepy, happy, funny etc”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the key takeaways of gender and the workplace?

A
  • Sex segregation
  • Stalling of female labour force participation
  • Gender disparity in educational attainment
  • Underrepresentation in STEM sectors
  • Persistent cultural stereotypes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is sex segregation? (In the labour market)

A
  • Less change in occupation than in gender wage gap.
  • More pronounced in occupation
  • Has both vertical and horizontal elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is labour market segregation? (Horizontal and Vertical)

A

Horizontal segregation: Women and men situated in different occupations (types or sections) clerical versus construction.
Vertical Segregation: Exists within occupational categories - elementary school/kindergarten teachers versus high school teachers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some examples of vertical and horizontal sex segregation?

A
  1. Vertical - Male Primacy - Men as naturally dominant and more status worthy than women.
  2. Horizontal - Gender essentialism - Men and women unchanging essences.
    Creates “Occupational ghettos”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do we create the erosion of vertical segregation?

A

-Liberal egalitarianism
-Gender equal laws
-Women more committed to labour force - more likely to invest in human capital.
(Women rights, gender equal laws)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the questions we ask in regards to gender stereotypes?

A

Descriptive- What are you? (What a woman is)

Proscriptive - What should you be? (what should a woman be)

25
Q

On the workers side (supply side) persistence of horizontal sergegation could potentially be due to the choices women make such as?

A

Gender identities & gendered beliefs about competencies (stereotype threat). Internalizing these gender norms, self fulfilling prophecies.

26
Q

Vertical segregation occurs On the demand side (Factors that occur in the labour market itself) because of?

A
  • Biased employment perceptions
  • Institutionalized barriers within organizations (Job descriptions and hiring criteria) -Joan Acker .. structural features are neutralized.
  • Coworker resistance, status competition and social closure. (PPL don’t want to work with women in say construction for example).
27
Q

Guppy and Luongo look at gender equality in Canada through what key dimensions?

A
  • Labour force participation
  • Education attainment
  • Political empowerment
  • Domestic labour
28
Q

what are trends shown in the graph on labour force participation?

A

Dramatic increase in labour force participation for women.

29
Q

Why is there rising female labour force participation?

A
  • Rising educational attainment
  • Feminism - helped reduce cultural and policy barriers, promote legal equality.
  • Service sector growth (Gender sectors catering to women)
  • Declining fertility (less women having kids, less need for attending to a child)
  • Rising divorce rates (Women need to make their one wage)
  • Declining male wages for low income earners (So women are forced to enter toe market)
  • Rising female wages (Lure women into the market)
30
Q

What year did women soar ahead in their undergraduate and first professional jobs?

A

1960 –> 2010

31
Q

What is a key reducer to the wage gap in Canada?

A

womens educational attainments. (mechanism)

32
Q

What are the patterns if selected fields of study for women form 1911–> 2005?

A

Nursing is persistent from 1911 with a slow decline from 1966 to 2005.
Medicine - shows an increase for women
Engineering - stall in participation for engineering
Education - Lots of variance

33
Q

What does STEM stand for?

A

Science and technology, Engineering, Math and computer science.

34
Q

In 2011 women ages 25-34 showed an increase in which STEM career?

A

Science and technology

35
Q

What predicts the gender ratio of pHd’s awarded?

A

The content of scientific research

36
Q

Which type of content of scientific research leads to more women obtaining PhD’s in life science?

A

Sex as a social construct

37
Q

Which type of content of scientific research leads to LESS women obtaining PhD’s?

A

Sex as biological

38
Q

Is there evidence in women attaining a masters degree in biology?

A

Yes from 2005-2009

39
Q

In STEM jobs what is the wage gap between men and women?

A

14% wage gap. Men earn $36.34 women earn $31.11

40
Q

In non-STEM jobs what is the wage gap between men and women?

A

21% Men earn $24.47 and women earn $19.26

41
Q

Has there been any progress on closing the gender wage gap?

A

Little to no progress in closing the gender wage gap in 3 decades

42
Q

Why might women remain underrepresented in STEM disciplines?

A

Vertical Segregation

43
Q

What were the takeaways regarding women and the workplace?

A
  1. Guppy and Luongo show a slowing in female labour force participation and a sag in pay equity.
  2. Deep cultural beliefs exist about the value of women’s work.
  3. The stalling of gender equity reflect strong cultural stereotypes.
44
Q

What are the factors explaining the persistent gender gap?

A
  • Educational and occupational choices
  • Vertical segregation – male primacy
  • Gender stereotypes
  • Women’s greater domestic responsibilities
45
Q

What three concepts did we discuss in relation to discrimination of women in the workplace?

A

a) Motherhood penalty
b) Cultural schemas of work devotion
c) Glass escalator effect

46
Q

What is the motherhood penalty?

A

The study conducted by Correll et al., identified a discrimination toward mothers in job applications vs. non mothers in job applications.

  • Cultural understanding of the motherhood role exist in tension with the cultural understandings of the “ideal worker” role.
  • Women applicants with children are regarded as less competent and less committed to work.
  • Cultural beliefs about gender restrict the occupational aspirations of men and women.
47
Q

What are executive careers defined by and how do these schemas contribute to the discrimination of women?

A

“Schema of work devotion” and “family Devotion schema” (Blair-Loy)
-Women who spend too much time caring for their children violate the schema of work devotion; while those who spend too much time on work and neglect caring for their children violate the family devotion schema.

48
Q

What is the glass escalator effect? (Vertical desegregation for men)

A
  • Men benefit from working in female-dominated fields, while women face greater burdens when they work in male dominated fields.
  • For men in non-traditional occupations, their gender is seen as a positive difference.
  • Negative stereotypes about men conducting womens work can actually be beneficial.
49
Q

What is the quote by Christine et al. ?

A

“Instead of being a source of discrimination, these prejudice can add to the “glass escalator effect” by pressuring men to move out of the most female-identified areas, and up to those regarded more legitimate and prestigious for men”

50
Q

What is meant by “doing masculinity”?

A
  • R.W. CONNELL SAYS:
  • There are prevailing forms of masculinity in each society.
  • Some men are better positioned than others to practice the dominant form of masculinity in that society.
  • This most powerful masculinity is described as hegemonic masculinity.
51
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity?

A

“The form of masculinity dominant in a given place at a given time… it represents the most legitimate or ideal form of masculinity”.

  • Masculinities exist as men occupy different social locations, (ethnic groups, sexualities)
  • Masculinities are not fixed!
  • Vary according to race, class. but also institutionally (school, sports, military).
52
Q

What is an example of marketing masculinity?

A

Monster energy drink looks and names example, Khaos, Assault, M-80. aggressive names.

53
Q

What is emphasized femininity?

A
  • Culturally perceived ideals of female behaviour and traits which compliment male authority and power.
  • Women contribute to their own marginalization by embracing men’s version of the ideal women.
  • Preserves hegemonic masculinity through conformity with gender structures.
  • Sanctions for those who do not adhere to these ideals.
54
Q

What are the takeaways regarding sexuality?

A
  1. Sexuality, like sex and gender, must be seen as something that is produced socially, in complex ways and in struggles between those who have power to define and regulate, and those who resist.
  2. The concept of gender remains complex and contested.
  3. “Troubling the system” gives voice to those who have been marginalized.
55
Q

What are the common ways of viewing sexuality across different societies and beliefs?

A 
Religion: Virtue/sin 
Biology: Natural/unnatural
Medicine: Healthy/Sick
Law: Legal/Illegal
Sociology: Sexuality is socially constructed
56
Q

Do the ways sexuality is defined reflect power in society? provide an example.

A

YES. Heterosexuality, leading to heterosexism. PRIVLIDGED.

Lesser: Homosexuality & Bisexuality, Hyper-sexuality, masturbation all seen as deviant, unnatural or sinful.

57
Q

When John Kellogg created Kelloggs cornflakes what was he trying to suppress?

A

Sex drive! which was called “self-love”

58
Q

Why was the graham cracker created?

A

To stop masturbation…?

59
Q

Catherine Connell: doing undoing and redoing gender discovered this info by learning from the workplace experiences of transpeople…

A
  • Experiences of transpeople questions west and Zimmermans distinction between sex, sex category and gender.
  • Some held onto the gendered characteristics that did not match their gender presentations and this can be said to undo or redo gender.
  • Employers assumptions about their abilities changed.
  • Transgender social positions lead to the development of a feminist consciousness.
  • Connell describes the notion of “doing transgender” as a way to illustrate how transgender people make sense of their discordance between their sex and their sex category.
  • “Outness” here is a strategy of political visibility.

sociology final exam (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions