Gender and Sexuality (Lecture 20&21)

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Distinguished by biological features (eg: chromosomes, ‘male’ and ‘female’)

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

Social and cultural ideas of ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ behaviour

Question 3

Vertical Differentiation

Answer 3

• Related to place in a hierarchy, or position of authority

* Men likelier to be managers, supervisors; women= less autonomy

Question 4

Horizontal Differentiation

Answer 4

• Related to differences in careers of comparable prestige and pay
• Police officers, builders mostly men’ social workers, HR mostly women

Question 5

Earning Gaps

Answer 5

Difference between average wage of women and of men, especially as seen when they do the same job

Question 6

Glass Ceiling

Answer 6

Unofficial barrier to female promotion; whilst no rules forbid it, women often not promoted beyond a certain level, and blocked from rising

Question 7

Sexual Harrassment

Answer 7

• Any form of bullying, pressure, intimidation focused on gender or sexuality of victim
• Constant comments on appearance, or unwanted sexual pressure

Question 8

Unpaid Labour

Answer 8

• Work necessary for the family to operate and still predominantly carried out by women
• Includes housework, childcare, domestic work

Question 9

Second Shift

Answer 9

Women are often expected to do a full-time job but also a ‘second’ job of housework– whilst their husbands relax on getting home

Question 10

Emotional Labour

Answer 10

• The ‘work’ we have to do to control emotions and bring out the socially-accepted response, showing you ‘feel’ what you’re meant to feel
• Refers predominantly to jobs in which you ave present a certain positive emotion to customers

Question 11

Double Ghetto

Answer 11

Women are exploited and excluded both AT HOME (where they must perform free labour) and AT WORK (where they’re often in low-paid, low-status, temporary jobs).

Question 12

Sexism

Answer 12

Prejudice against one sex, belief that one sex is ‘superior’ in certain ways, or discrimination in favour of one sex. May include misogyny (hatred of women)

Question 13

Patriarchy

Answer 13

• In the context of feminist theory, refer to the structures or systems of male domination
• Simply by virtue of gender, women are placed in relations of subordination and domination

Question 14

Relations in State

Answer 14

Males dominate legislature; laws often have gender specific effects’ state reinforces male hegemony in civil society

Question 15

Mode of Production

Answer 15

Women’s production took place in the household historically; focused on REPRODUCTION, not production

Question 16

Relations in Paid Work

Answer 16

Women earn less than men, they do less paid and more unpaid work and they do different jobs

Question 17

Relations in Sexuality

Answer 17

Female sexuality is treated as problematic– ‘the virgin or the whore’– in ways male is not

Question 18

Relations in Cultural Institutions

Answer 18

Women are socialized in ways different from men; they learn gender-specific roles, defining femininity and masculinity in specific ways

Question 19

Male Violence

Answer 19

Women are victims of rape, sexual assault, harassment, wife-beating; such crimes are not always punished

Question 20

Legal Personality

Answer 20

• Recognition in law that you have rights and obligations of bringing legal cases to court etc..
• Historically, women didn’t have legal personhood– subject to coverture by husband

Question 21

Suffrage

Answer 21

The right to vote, historically denied to women

Question 22

Liberal Feminism

Answer 22

• Gender inequality is about LEGAL rights and political freedom
• If women have legal equality, access to education and employment, problem solves itself

Question 23

Marxist feminism

Answer 23

• Gender inequality is like CLASS, based on male ownership of property
• Transformation of capitalist system to communism removes male power

Question 24

Radical Feminism

Answer 24

• Men as a group always and inevitably benefit from domination of women, especially control of sexuality
• Direct action is necessary; possible dissociation from males completely

Question 25

Socialist Feminism

Answer 25

* Criticizes both class (like Marxists) and control of sex (like radical feminism) * Action is needed in a number of areas to counter patriarchy

Question 26

Intersectionality

Answer 26

The interplay of gender, race, class, sexuality and other forms of inequality to create unique intersections of oppression

Question 27

First- Wave Feminism (19th, early 20th century)

Answer 27

* Focus on DE IURE form of inequality; legal exclusion of women, lack of political and economic rights * Removed legal barriers to women in politics, economy, and society. Won women legal rights

Question 28

Second-Wave Feminism (1960s-1990s)

Answer 28

* Focus on DE FACTO inequality; position of women in workplace or family, violence against women etc.. * Won reproductive rights, protections, equality laws in workplace, outlawing of marital rape

Question 29

Third-Wave Feminism (1980s-present)

Answer 29

* Emphasizes multiple experiences of female perspective, including class and race. Gender as performative, fluid * Aims at individual expression and self-definition; multiple perspectives, no single 'womanhood'

Question 30

Sex Role Rigidity

Answer 30

Belief that male and female roles are 'natural' and thus unchangeable, so no blending possible

Question 31

Gender Regimes

Answer 31

* Gender arrangements within smaller, localized settings (eg: family, school) rather than society as a whole * Describes how specific roles in these setting shave gendered connotations (eg: wife must cook)

Question 32

Gender Socialization

Answer 32

* The way children are taught socially-approved gender roles and identities * Takes place in family, school, media etc..

Question 33

Essentialism

Answer 33

* Belief in the unchangeable 'essence' or nature of something (eg: human nature) * Any differences between genders explained by suppose inherent features of women

Question 34

Gender Binarism

Answer 34

The general assumption that there are two and ONLY TWO possible manifestations of sex and gender; and that these are typically aligned

Question 35

Heteronormativity

Answer 35

The expectation that sex, sexuality, gender identity, and gender expression should be 'identical', 'conventionally' aligned and social systems or structures that promote this alignment

Question 36

Performativity

Answer 36

* Our genders and sexualities are ROLES that we play, acting according to socially-defined ideas of 'male and female' not inborn or 'natural; * Gender is non-binary; more than two possibilities

Question 37

Appearance Norms

Answer 37

* Ideal standards of beauty in any society, to which we're supposed to conform * Wide variation across societies

Question 38

Male Gaze

Answer 38

* Imaginary male onlooker who always judges women by masculine standards * Conditions women to aspire to look good in the eyes of men

Question 39

Objectification

Answer 39

Treating or portraying other people like inanimate objects, there to be used like tools, with no regard to their interests

Question 40

Eternal Feminine

Answer 40

* Supposed essence of 'pure female' described in often-directly-contradictory ways by various male writers * Treated as an almost magical quality

Question 41

The Other

Answer 41

* In existential philosophy, the person you interact with as part of you self-realization * Existence of Other confronts you with own limits

Question 42

Slut Shaming

Answer 42

* Aggressive criticism of displays of female sexuality not condoned by males * Particularly seen when blaming sexual assaults on the victims, for 'asking for it' by dress, behaviour etc..

Question 43

Sexual Double Standard

Answer 43

Typically, men are rewarded and esteemed for sexual promiscuity, whilst women are stigmatized for the same behaviour

Question 44

Homosociality

Answer 44

Socializing primarily or exclusively with people like you, particularly of the same gender

Question 45

Sexual Scripts

Answer 45

The 'accepted' way to behave in sexual situations from who makes the first move and to what happens in bed

Question 46

Paraphilia

Answer 46

Sexual attraction considered abnormal in any given society' stigmatized and treated as abnormal or sign of illness

Question 47

Kinsey Report (1947)

Answer 47

* Argued that Americans were much more sexually varied than previously believed * Found hitherto-unadmitted prevalence of stigmatized behaviour such as oral sex, infidelity, extramarital sex etc.. * Introduced Heterosexual- Homosexual Scale of 0-6

Question 48

Social Organization of Sexuality (1994)

Answer 48

* Argued that Americans were LESS sexually varied than Kinsey suggested; they still preferred monogamy in principle and practice * However, confirmed that sexuality is socially constructed; most people sleep with those of similar class/ background

Question 49

Biopower

Answer 49

* Foucault's term for modern society's use of science to control our lives and reproduction, encouraging us to stay alive as good workers * Extends discipline to our very sexual organs