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gender inequalities Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the functionalist perspective on gender inequality

A

gender inequalities are necessary for society to function properly

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2
Q

what are the key functionalist sociologists for explaining gender inequalities

A

parsons
murdock
rastogi

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3
Q

what does murdock say about gender inequality

A

women a located in the home due to their biological function of bearing children and because their physique is less able to perform strenuous tasks
the gender division of labour is evident in all societies because they are functional

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4
Q

what does parsons say about gender inequalities

A

women- expressive role
man- instrumental role
gender differences are innate and they contribute to a functional society
men are more suited to paid employment and women better suited to domestic labour
women are less motivated and less suited to the labour market

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5
Q

what does rastogi say about gender inequality

A

the pay gap is justified as it reflects that men have more human capital than women due to their greater focus on the labour market
men are more work orientated and committed to their job whereas women choose to prioritise their roles as homemakers over their careers
many women prioritise their care giver role as it fit with their maternal instincts

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6
Q

evaluate the functionalist views on gender inequality using feminism

A

written from the male perspective where the female is the homemaker and the male the breadwinner
these roles are socially constructed instead of being biologically based

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7
Q

evaluate the functionalist view on gender inequality using marxism

A

it ignores the structural constraints in society which may disadvantage women
eg. a lack of affordable childcare

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8
Q

evaluate the functionalist view on gender inequality using post modernism

A

outdated viewpoint as there have been social changes in gender roles
women now have traditionally masculine traits like assertiveness, physical strength etc

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9
Q

define human capital and what sociologist coined the term

A

rastogi
human capital- skills, ability, knowledge, competency and work experience

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10
Q

what are the key new right sociologists for explaining gender inequality

A

murray
schlafly
dennis and erdos

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11
Q

what does murray say about gender inequality

A

rising birth rate outside of marriage, crime and youth employment were all signs or irresponsible attitudes within the underclass
he blames single parent mothers for a lot of societal problems like mentioned above
believes it is functional for women to fulfil the housewife role

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12
Q

what does dennis and erdos say about gender inequality

A

fatherless children are less likely to be successfully socialised into the culture of discipline and compromise and so are less likely to be successful parents
studied 1000 children born in new castle 1947 and they exhibited a greater statistical chance of having poor physical health, low IQ scores and a criminal record if they were unfathered or poorly fathered

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13
Q

what does schlafly believe about gender inequality

A

women should stay in the home
she acknowledges that marriage can be difficult but it can be the most fulfilling role for women and said that “marriage and motherhood have their trials and tribulations, but what lifestyle doesn’t?”

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14
Q

evaluate new right views on gender inequality using feminism

A

the biological argument for gender segregated roles hasn’t been proven

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15
Q

evaluate new right views on gender inequality using marxism/ radical feminism

A

it ignores the negative effects of the gender roles that they propose such as the ‘dark side of the family’
home office 2013 found that women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence - 1 in 4 women will be abused

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16
Q

evaluate new right views on gender inequality using post modernism

A

outdated as it ignores the increasing numbers of sople who chose to adopt non traditional gender roles

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17
Q

what marxist sociologists talk about gender inequality

A

engles

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18
Q

what does engles say about gender inequality

A

women’s subordinate position s a result of ownership of private property and the development of the nuclear family that followed this
the rise of class based society via capitalism brought inequality- exploiter and exploited business relationship translated into the domestic relationship
capitalism gave rise to the idea of the nuclear family which sought to restrict women’s sexuality and enforce monogamy to protect male property rights

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19
Q

what does schlafly say about gender inequality

A

women should stay in the home
she acknowledges that marriage can be difficult but sees it as the most fulfilling role for women and says “marriage and motherhood have their trials and tribulations but what lifestyle doesn’t?”

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20
Q

evaluate the new right view on gender inequality using feminism

A

the biological argument for gender segregated roles has not been proven

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21
Q

evaluate the new right views on gender inequality using post modernism

A

outdated views as they ignore the increasing numbers of people who chose to adopt non traditional gender roles and report these as positive experiences

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22
Q

what marxist sociologist speaks about gender inequality

A

engles

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23
Q

evaluate the new right view on gender inequality using marxism/radical feminism

A

they ignore the negative effects of the gender roles that they propose such as the dark side of the family
the home office (2013) found that women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence- 1 in 4 women will experience it

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24
Q

what does engles say about gender inequality

A

women’s subordinate position is a result of the ownership of private property and the development of the nuclear family that went with it
the rise of a class based society through capitalism brought inequality- the exploiter exploited relationship that occurs in the workplace transferred into the household
this male dominance gave rise to the notion of the nuclear family which sought to restrict women’s sexuality and enforce monogamy to protect male property rights

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25
evaluate the marxist view on gender inequality using post modernism
outdated as it fails to recognise the change in gender roles
26
evaluate the marxist views on gender inequality using neo marxism
conflict isn't just based on social class- it occurs on a wider level between groups eg. parents and children, husbands and wives, young and old etc.
27
what are the key sociologists for radical feminisms approach to gender inequality
stanko adkins millet johnson
28
what does radical feminism believe
women's disadvantages in the labour market stems from exploitation of women by men patriarchy is the main cause of female disadvantage main sources of female inequality- sexual harassment and patriarchy
29
what does stanko say about gender inequality
sexual harassment in the workplace is used to keep women in their place men use their power in the workplace to protect their position women in jobs such as bar work and secretarial work are sexualised and not taken as seriously as male workers or considered for promotion
30
what dies adkins say about gender inequality
she carried out research into the gendered division of labour at an amusement park she found evidence of horizontal segregation with male and female employees being given different types of roles within the theme park eg. catering assistants were almost exclusively female and ride operators were male female staff were subject to sexual harassment regularly but they were expected to deal with it
31
what does millet say about gender inequality
men originally acquired power over women because of biological factors (women who were frequently pregnant couldn't make the same contribution to society) but modern technology has provided developments such as the contraceptive pill and modern machinery have meant men could n longer legitimate their power
32
what does johnson say about gender inequality
violence is a result of patriarchal traditions of men's right to control 'their' women this is a form of terroristic control of wives by their husband that involves the use of violence, economic subordination, threats and isolation WHO (2013) found that the incidence of women who had experiences sexual abuse from an intimate partner in their lifetime was 30% globally and 25% in europe
33
evaluate the radical feminist views on gender inequality using black feminists
fails to account divisions between women themselves caused by class or ethnicity
34
evaluate the radical feminist views on gender inequality using functionalism
gender roles are based on biological differences so its functional for men to be in control
35
evaluate the radical feminist views on gender inequality using post modernism
outdated as social change means women have more choice over their roles
36
what are the key marxist feminist sociologists for explaining gender inequality
feeley benston ansley beechey
37
what do marxist feminists believe
women are a more disposable part of the workforce and form a 'reserve army of labour'
38
what does feeley say about gender inequality
women come from family life preconditioned to accept their place in the capitalist hierarchy as the family is designed to teach passivity not rebellion it socialises members to accept traditional roles and it is natural for each gender to have different roles this shows that the family and capitalism supports patriarchy
39
what does benston believe about gender inequality
if a man has to provide for his wife and kids, he is less likely to challenge capitalism the unpaid domestic labour of women helps supports the capitalist system, if women were paid a wage for their work there would have to be huge distributions of wealth this criticises the nuclear family and a woman's role within it as a stabilising force in a capitalist society
40
what does ansley say about gender inequality
women act as a safety valve as women are the takers of shit as husbands return from having been exploited at work they take their frustrations and anger out on their wives- so women absorb their husbands anger at their powerless and oppression in the workplace if all workers had their own 'sponge' this will aid the false class consciousness and discourage a revolution
41
what does beechey say about gender inequality
women are a cheap 'reserve army of labour' brought in during economic booms a group of unemployed people looking for work creates competition and exploitation women are often not members of trade unions and are prepared to work for less money as their wage could be a second income
42
evaluate the marxist feminist views on gender inequality using functionalism/new right
it doesn't explain why male and female labour are put to different uses- differences in roles are based on biological differences
43
evaluate marxist feminists views on gender inequality using post modernism
outdated as social change shows that women have more choice in their roles
44
evaluate marxist feminists views on gender inequality using black feminism
ethnocentric- only focuses on the experience of white middle class women
45
what are the key sociologists/concepts for liberal feminist views on gender inequality
oakley equal pay act equality act fawcett society
46
what is the equality act
it provides legal framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality for all the act simplifies, strengthens and harmonises current legislation to provide Britain with new discrimination law
47
what would the government not enact when the equality act was created
section 78 which would make it compulsarary for employers to reveal the pay gap between male and female employees
48
what did the fawcett society find
there is still a 13.9% pay gap between the average salaries for men and women in the UK in 2015
49
what does oakley say about gender inequality
children are socialised into their gender expectations by the age of 5 using 4 processes: manipulation canalisation different activities verbal applications women's lower status position in the labour market arises due to socialisation into the mother/housewife role ideas about maternal deprivation and instinct ensure men's dominance in the labour market women work part time because their responsibilities as wives and mothers come first
50
what does ansley say about gender inequality
women act as a safety valve as women's are the 'takers of shit' as husbands return home from being exploited at work they take their frustrations out on their wives- so women absorb their husbands anger about their powerlessness if all workers have their own 'sponge' then this will aid the false class consciousness
51
what does beechey say about gender inequality
women are a cheap 'reserve army of labour' brought in during economic booms women are often not members of trade unions and are prepared to work for less money as their wage could be a second income
52
evaluate the marxist feminist views on gender inequality using functionalism/new right
it doesn't explain why male and female labour are put to different uses differences in the roles of men and women are due to biological differences
53
evaluate the marxist feminist views on gender inequality using post feminism
outdated- social change means women have more choice over their roles
54
evaluate the marxist feminist views on gender inequality using radical feminism
patriarchy is more influential in causing gender inequality than capitalism is
55
what liberal feminist sociologists/laws speak about gender inequality
oakley equality act equal pay act fawcett society
56
what does oakley say about gender inequality
women's lower status position in the labour market is because they are socialised into the housewife/mother role ideas about maternal deprivation and maternal instinct ensure men's dominance in the labour market women work part time because their responsibilities as wives and mothers come first
57
what is the equality act in relation to gender inequality
it brings together over 116 separate pieces of legislation into on single act to make a legal framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality
58
name 2 pieces of legislation from the equality act that relate to gender inequality
the equal pay act (1970) the sex discrimination act (1975)
59
what does the fawcett society (2015) say
there is still a 13.9% pay gap between the average salaries of men and women working full time in the UK
60
evaluate the liberal feminist view on gender inequality using jackson
jackson provides evidence of laddettes existing (women who swear, disrupt, speak about sex etc) liberal feminism assumes that women passively accept the typical gender identities, which jackson disproves
61
evaluate the liberal feminist views on gender inequality using marxism
it fails to explain how men came to have all the power, and capitalism explains this
62
evaluate the liberal feminist views on gender inequality using black feminism
ethnocentric- only based on the experiences of white middle class people
63
what are the key black feminist sociologists for gender inequality
brewer abbott et al yuval-davies
64
what does brewer say about gender inequality
class, race and gender combine to create multiple sources of deprivation for inequality black women suffer from disadvantage because they are black, they are women, and they are working class a 'triple system' each of these inequalities reinforce the others
65
what does yuval-davies say about gender inequality
other feminist approaches are ethnocentric and ignore the experiences of black women
66
what does abbott et al say about gender inequality
other feminist approaches concentrate on women's experiences derived from white perspectives and priorities
67
evaluate the black feminist views on gender inequality using marxism
women are disadvantaged by capitalism and the exploitation of men who take their anger out on women
68
evaluate the black feminist views on gender inequality using post modernism
in a post modern world, women can choose what and who they become and nothing dictates that other than themselves
69
evaluate the black feminist views on gender inequality using functionalism
inequality is functional for society as women's roles are dictated by biological differences- black women face different inequality because they are biological made to
70
what does post feminism believe
they reject the idea that all women share the same interests and that their position can be explained in terms of a single theory it emphasises the differences between groups of women- different classes, sexuality, ethnicity, age
71
what are the key post feminist sociologists in terms of gender inequality
walby
72
what does walby say about gender inequality
triple systems theory- there were 3 systems stratifying women's experiences: capitalism, patriarchy and racism there are 6 structures of patriarchy- paid employment, the household, the state, cultural institutions like the media, sexuality and violence against women women have greater sexual freedom older women are more likely to accept gender inequality due to a lack of education
73
how does the state enforce patriarchal ideas on women according to walby
it acts in the interest of men in terms of taxation, welfare rules and laws
74
evaluate the post feminist ideas on gender inequality using hakim
the choices women make disadvantage them, not patriarchy part time workers are less committed than full time workers as women working part time have more traditional ideas on marriage and motherhood a lack of childcare is not a barrier to success, women choose to have children female part time workers aren't exploited as they have laws to protect them women who work part time have higher absentee rates as they are less committed to work
75
what does hakim believe about women's lifestyle preferences
home centred women- 20% of women prefer not to be in employment as family is their priority adaptive women- 60% of women combine family life and work in some way work centred women- 20% of women see their career as their priority
76
evaluate the post feminist ideas on gender inequality using liberal feminism
women are still socialised into traditional gender roles which reduce their free choice
77
evaluate the post feminist beliefs on gender inequality using functionalism/new right
gender roles are biological and therefore women don't have free choice
78
what are the key weberian sociologists for gender inequality
weber barron and norris zimmerman abbott and wallace coussins
79
what does weber say about gender inequality
there are 3 dimensions of stratification- class, status, and party class and status are most useful when discussing gender inequality
80
what does barron and norris say about gender inequality
'dual labour' market theory focuses on gender inequalities in employment 2 types of labour market: primary labour market- high pay, high status, job security, good working conditions secondary labour market- lower pay, less security and status, inferior working conditions
81
what does barron and norris say about the dual labour market
women are more likely than men to be in the secondary labour market and the reasons for this are: women's unsuitability- evidence that employers may hold stereotypical beliefs about the unsuitability of women for primary sector roles disrupted career development- social pressure to have a family weak legal and political framework supporting women- equal pay and sex discrimination acts are ineffective
82
what does zimmerman and hartnett believe about gender inequality
employers in the 1990s subscribed to myths and negative stereotypes about women (this supports the dual labour market- women's unsuitability for working

sociology 2a (inequalities) (2 decks)

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