Gender Inequality Flashcards
(39 cards)
Define maternal mortality:
The death of a woman while pregnant or withing 42 days of termination of pregnancy…from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management – WHO
Define maternal mortality rate:
The annual number of maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births
In 2013, how many women died during and following pregnancy and childbirth?
289,000
Name the worst affected countries by MMR+ figures:
Sierra Leone (1,100 per 100,000 live births)
Chad (980)
Central African Republic (880)
Name the factors that influence global variations in MMR: (Aunty Queeny Loves Artichokes Cabbages Parsnips)
- Access to treatments for pregnancy ad birth complications, especially emergency care
- Quality of medical services, especially skilled attendance at birth
- Level of government investment
- Availability of education
- Cultural barriers which affect discrimination
- Poverty
Why is Maternal Mortality an issue of human rights, not just development?
MMR is preventable
What international human rights treaties protect women?
- CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women)
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- Regional treaties and the laws of many states
What is gender inequality?
The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
A situation in which women and men do not enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society specifically because they are a man or woman.
What is the GGGI
The Global Gender Gap Index, devised by the World Economic Forum, shows global patterns of gender inequality and is a score from 0-1 with the highest index score showing the least inequality etc.
Give examples of GGGI of countries:
UK = 0.738 India = 0.645 Iceland = 0. 859 Yemen = 0.514
Name 7 examples of gender inequality: (FATWAVE)
- Forced marriage
- Access to education
- Trafficking into forced labour, including sex slavery
- Wage equality for similar work to men
- Access to reproductive health services
- Violence against women
- Employment opportunities and political participation
What 2 Millennium Development Goals were specifically targeted to women?
Number 3 = Promote gender inequality and to empower women
Number 5 = Improve maternal health
(Others eg. education closely linked)
What factors do the WEF use to evaluate gender inequality?
- Economic
Labour force participation, wage equality, earned income, managers - Health
Sex ratio at birth, healthy life expectancy - Education
Literacy rate, enrolment in primary/secondary/tertiary education) - Political
Women in Parliament, women in ministerial positions, years with female head of state
What are the economic, social and political factors that explain variation in patterns of gender inequality? (essay themes)
- Educational opportunities
- Access to reproductive health services
- Employment opportunities
Educational opportunities: How is education crucial in helping women?
- Reduce total fertility rate
- Reduce infant mortality rate
- Empower women
- Increase female contribution to economy
- Increase family health
- Decrease poverty
Educational opportunities: In what areas are girls mainly excluded from education? + figures
Rural areas:
Sub-Saharan Africa – 30% female attendance 34% male attendance
South Asia – 47% female 56% male
Educational opportunities: Name the factors leading to female inequality of education: (CHIPPENIIII)
- Costs
- Household obligations
- Inadequate sanitation (lack of separate toilets)
- Patriarchal system (female education may only be of benefit to family she marries in to)
- Prevalence of child marriage
- Early pregnancy
- Negative classroom environment (corporal punishment against girls)
- Differing levels of support for education by religions
- Insufficient number of female teachers
- Impact of girls being exploited for child labour
- Inadequate legislation
- Insufficient govt investment
Access to reproductive health services: Name the factors that affect female reproductive health in LIDCs (SHELF GHS)
- Sexual violence
- High rates of young pregnancies
- Early forced marriage
- Lack of empowerment in family size
- Forced sterilisation
- Gender bias in education
- Harmful traditional practices eg FGM
- STDs eg HIV
Access to reproductive health services: In developing countries what proportion of girls marry before 18?
1 in 3
Access to reproductive health services: How many births a day are by girls under 18?
20,000 births
Give an example of an NGO trying to help women? + countries they help
Womankind
In Ethiopia they are training a govt official on laws and policies for women
In Nepal they are helping women fund their own businesses
Employment opportunities: What is the Labour Force Participation Rate?
Index of equality used in the UNDP: the ratio of females to males within a country’s working population (aged 15 and over) that engages in the labour market
Employment opportunities: Give examples of Labour Force Participation Rates x3
Malawi 1.042 = more female participation than male
Afghanistan 0.197 = awful
India 0.356 = awful
Employment opportunities: Name the factors that affect employment opportunities
- Social norms; household income earnt by men and women do domestic chores
- Cultural beliefs
- Levels of governmental support for childcare
- Degrees to which equal opportunity is safeguarded by law
- Social acceptance of women as contributors to household income
- Gender based norms
- Levels of discrimination by employers
- Sectoral structure of the labour market
