Gender Roles Midterm #1 Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
Gender
A
People’s masculinity/femininity, not physical identity or biological sex.
2
Q
Sex
A
Biological sex/physical identity
3
Q
Gender Roles
A
Social functions of people, as society deems appropriate for males or females.
Social views, norms, cultural stereotypes, expectations, activities, sports
4
Q
How many genders?
A
Male, Female, Transgendered, “Third gender”
5
Q
How many sexes?
A
Male, Female, Intersexed
6
Q
How many sexual orientations?
A
Straight, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Queer…
7
Q
“Transgender”
A
Transexual Transvestite/cross-dresser Genderqueer Androgyn Bigender
8
Q
“Third gender”
A
- Berdache or “two-spirited”
- Hijra/Aruvani of India (not a man, not a woman)
- Mahu (Hawaii)
9
Q
Unclear gender in professional athletes?
A
Caitlyn Jenner (formerly Bruce) Caster Semenya Erick Schinegger (formerly Erika) Dr. Renee Richards (formerly Richard Raskind)
10
Q
History of Studying Sex Differences
A
Structuralism (1879-1900ish) Functionalism (1900-1920) Behaviourism (1920- Psychoanalysis (1920ish) Cognitive Revolution (1950's) Women's Movement (1960's) Men's Movement (1970's)
11
Q
Structuralism
A
- structure of the conscious mind
- ignored individual differences
- excluded women in early research
12
Q
Functionalism
A
- how the mind functions
- individual differences
- wider variety of subjects
- Findings supported prevailing cultural roles
13
Q
Behaviourism
A
- observable behaviour (learning and memory)
- interest in sex difference decreased (“womanless psychology”)
14
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
- Sigmund Freud (penis envy/castration anxiety, development stages)
- Gendered implications
15
Q
Cognitive “Revolution”
A
- Cognitive development theory
- Gender constancy
16
Q
Two competing views
A
Minimalist = few important differences Maximalist = Large fundamental differences
17
Q
Essentialist view (evolutionary psychology)
A
- Gender differences are biologically based
- Resistant to change
- Males predominate the theory
18
Q
Biosocial view
A
- Flexibility in gender-linked differences
- Associated with social constructionism
- Females subscribe frequently
19
Q
Women’s Movement (2nd wave feminism)
A
- 60’s & 70’s
- Change in how women were viewed
- Motivated by civil rights movement, anti war protests
- Equal pay for equal work, control of reproductive rights, better childcare
20
Q
Feminist Movement
A
- Resisted biological essentialism (sex or gender?)
- Challenged the absence of women in psychological research
- Led to an awareness of gender issues
21
Q
“Types” of Feminists
A
- Liberal feminists (extend women’s rights)
- Radical feminists (focused on the oppression of women)
- Cultural feminists (advocate an acceptance of traditionally feminine values)
22
Q
Men’s Movement
A
- Goal: study gender roles and inhibitions of traditional masculinity as well as evoking men’s full potential .
- Changes in women’s roles resulted in men examining their roles: burdened, pro-feminist, objected to dissolution of traditional roles
23
Q
Diversity
A
Sexism rather than racism (women psychologists)
24
Q
Why study gender?
A
- part of who we are
- shapes our lives, expectations, opportunities
- professional understanding
- one of very few factors that exist in every society
- progress and measure it over time
25
Pop Psychology
- self-help books
- talk shows
- popular magazines
- advice columnists
26
How science developed
- Science replaced religion in inquiry
- Empirical observation (gathers evidence)
- Free of bias
27
Quantitative research
- Turning observation into numbers
- scientific method used
- Replicable and data systematic
- Problem: fails to capture aspects of situations by turning observations, feelings, etc. into numbers
- Includes descriptive (what?) and experimental (why?) research
28
Qualitative research
- Focusing on the situation
- Not "true" science"
- Understanding complexity of situation
- Interview/focus groups
- Use "responses" to generate themes
29
Experimental research
- "cause" and "effect"
- explanations rather than descriptions
- Most experiments take place in laboratories as opposed to natural settings
30
Experimental design
Logic: IV/DV
| Key assumption: we can hold all other variables constant
31
Problems with Experiments
- variables need to be specified, measurable, and specific
| - representative sample of participants
32
Media Portrayals of Male vs. Female Scientists
Women in science is media are portrayed as nerdy or too "bossy."
33
Sources of Bias in Research
- Framework of science
- Theories
- Questions asked (variables, design, hypothesis)
- Statistical vs. practical significance of results
- Not likely to publish "no differences"
34
Designing Biased Research
Do a survey for men and women to complete, using only information/topic that one gender is more likely to know (sports, childcare, etc.)
35
Challenges Female Scientists Face
- Not taken seriously
| - Body image comes first
36
Gender Stereotypes
Generalized beliefs and attitudes about masculinity and femininity
- psychological traits and characteristics
- activities appropriate for men or women
37
History of Stereotypes
- The belief that men and women have different interests arose during the Industrial Revolution
- Doctrine of Two Spheres (Home & children / work & outside world)
38
Assessing Masculinity and Feminitity
AIAS & MMPI (Unidimensional Approach - Masculinity/Femininity)
BSRI & PAQ (Dimensional Approach - Low/High)
39
Gender Role Strain
- Occurs when gender-role expectations have negative consequences for the individual
- occurs when gender role conflicts with personal desire
40
Self role discrepancy theory
strain arises when you do not live up to a gender role that society constructed
41
socialized dysfunctional characteristic theory
gender roles that society instills are inherently dysfunctional personality characteristics (you're ok, society's messed up)
42
Male gender roles
- more contradictory
- worse consequences
- inability to express emotions other than anger
43
Female gender role strain
Fear of...
- unemotional relationships
- physical unattractiveness
- victimization
- behaving assertively
- not being nurturant
44
Explicit vs. Implicit Stereotyping
- Explicit: Consciously aware
- Implicit: Not consciously aware of biases
- IAT (Implicit association test)
45
Negative Effects of Stereotypes
- being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group
46
What is sexism?
One's attitudes and/or feelings towards people based on their sex alone
47
Tradition vs. Modern Sexism
- Traditional: Endorsement of traditional gender roles for women and men, and differential treatment.
- Modern: Denial of existing discrimination towards women, antagonism to women's demands/needs, resentment towards any preferential treatment for women
48
Psychodynamic theory
- Sigmund Freud
- innate instincts drive thought/action
- little evidence to support his theories
5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
49
Social learning theories
- operant conditioning
- learned behaviours
- positive/negative & reinforcement/punishment
- Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
50
Cognitive theories
- Cognitive Developmental Theory
| - Gender Schema Theory
51
Assimilation
Incorporation of new information into existing knowledge
52
Accommodation
Creation of new knowledge or modification of existing knowledge
53
Kohlberg's 3 stages
- Acquisition of gender identity (2-3 years)
- Concept of gender stability (by age 4/5)
- Development of gender constancy (6/7 years)
