gender & sexuality Flashcards
(31 cards)
3 layers of sexuality
- sexual identity (what you identify as)
- sexual behaviour (who you do actions with, ie. kiss/hug)
- sexual attraction (who you fantasize about)
kinsey scale
0-6 scale that measures heterosexual-homosexual levels based on class, masculinity, age, personal beliefs (most ppl in middle)
homophobia
set of negative attitudes/beliefs about 2SLGBTQI+ people that can lead to discrimination
heteronormativity
coined by Michael Warner (1991), refers to how social institutions, practices, and norms support the automatic assumption that people should be heterosexual
gender
what you present yourself as
cisgender
a person whose gender identity corresponds with their sex assigned at birth
transgender
a person whose gender identity is opposite of their sex assigned at birth
gender non-binary
someone who does not exclusively identify as man or woman
two-spirit
a person with both feminine and masculine spirits (used by some indigenous people to describe their sexuality)
intersex
a person who is biologically born with both male and female traits
systemic erasure of intersex ppl through…
- Irreversible and nonconsensual surgery
- Prenatal screening
- No legal protections for intersex ppl
essentialist perspective on gender
genetic or biologically determined sex determines your essence as a human (usually associated with nature)
constructionist perspective on gender
socially determined meaning of gender differs across time and place (usually associated with “nurture”)
performativity
describes repeated rituals that create and sustain gender through performance (judith butler)
messner’s costs of masculinity
- there are many social costs to displaying gender in ways that society
deems inappropriate - although often concentrate on the costs of femininity, there are also very restrictive ideas of what it means to be a man
gender inequality in sports
sport is “not an expression of some biological human need, it is social institution” (messner, 1992)
ie. men run faster than women, but now gap closed
gender inequality & climate change
- women bear a disproportionate responsibility for securing food, water, fuel (UN women, 2022)
- people living in poverty are more affected by climate change, and the majority of the world’s poor are women
- gender barriers to decision making
gender inequality & disasters
During disasters:
- women are less likely to survive & more likely to be injured b/c of longstanding gender inequalities
After disasters:
- women/girls less able to access relief/assistance
- more likely to face gender based violence
gender wage gap
women $0.87 for men $1 (gap larger for BIPOC women), exists even for women who are highly educated, legally protected)
horizontal occupational segregation
men/women tend to work in different industries/sectors with those that are male dominated having higher wages (most influential identifiable factor)
feminization of an occupational sphere
occurs when particular job, profession, industry becomes dominate by/predominantly associated with women
second shift (hochschild, 1990)
individuals working outside the home for money, and inside the home on unpaid domestic tasks, gendered in heterosexual relationships
transgender wage gap
- 30% of trans ppl fired from job, denied promotion, mistreated at work
- transwomen see earnings drop by up to ⅓ upon transitioning (Nath,2018)
- some transmen reported being treated w. More respect/status
- overall likely to live in poverty and experience unemployment
lifetime inequalities shaped by wage gap
- women able to contribute less to pension funds & retirement savings plans
- divorce and widowhood have greater negative impact on long-term after-tax family income for women than men
