Gender Stereotypes

Question 1

Gender stereotypes

Answer 1

a structured set of shared beliefs about the personal attributes of men and women (assumptions about people based on their gender)

Question 2

Agentic/instrumental

Answer 2

concerned with own self-interests and tasks, reflected by traits like assertive, competitive, aggressive, independent
the masculine stereotype

Question 3

Communal/expressive

Answer 3

concerned with one’s relationships with other people reflected by traits like agreeableness, gentleness, warmth, and sensitivity
the feminine stereotype

Question 4

4 Causes of gender stereotyping

Answer 4

Motivational
Cognitive
Cultural
Structural

Question 5

Motivational account

Answer 5

what is the purpose or function of stereotyping and prejudice? People may hold stereotypes because of their personal needs as opposed to what they have learned from their culture

Question 6

Cognitive account

Answer 6

gender stereotyping=cognitive process called categorization; leads to generalizations that are often inaccurate

Question 7

Cultural account

Answer 7

children learn and internalize gender stereotypes through socialization (reinforcement, modelling)

Question 8

Feminist psychoanalysts

Answer 8

men stereotype women in devalued ways because they are angry about women’s power over life and fear of being dependent on women

Question 9

Erving Goffman’s 5 types of stereotyping in the media

Answer 9

Functional ranking
Relative size
Ritualization of subordination
The feminine touch
Family

Question 10

Functional ranking

Answer 10

the tendency to depict men in more executive roles and as more functional when collaborating with women

Question 11

Relative size

Answer 11

the tendency to depict men as taller and larger than women except when women are clearly superior in social status

Question 12

Ritualization of subordination

Answer 12

the overabundance of images of women lying on floors and beds or as objects of men’s mock assaults

Question 13

The feminine touch

Answer 13

the tendency to show women cradling or caressing the surface of objects or their face with their fingers

Question 14

Family

Answer 14

fathers are depicted as physically distant from their families or as relating primarily to sons and mothers are depicted as relating primarily to daughters

Question 15

7 consequences of gender stereotyping

Answer 15

sexualization-objectification link
exaggerate the contrast
tokenism
contribute to sexism
bias our expectations about behaviour
lead to stereotype threat/self-fulfilling prophecy
maintain the status wuo

Question 16

Sexualization-objectification link

Answer 16

a consequence of gender stereotyping
reduced empathy for sexualized women, viewed as less warm, less competent, less moral

Question 17

Exaggerate the contrast

Answer 17

a consequence of gender stereotyping
categorization exaggerates the similarities within groups and differences between groups; gender polarization creates an artificial gap

Question 18

tokenism

Answer 18

a consequence of gender stereotyping
a token man/woman is more salient and attended to; exaggerated perceptions of the token’s attributes

Question 19

Bias in our expectations about behaviour

Answer 19

a consequence of gender stereotyping
categorization -> stereotype -> selective -> reconfirms and solidifies the stereotype

Question 20

stereotype threat/self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 20

a consequence of gender stereotyping
expectations of behaviour influence a person’s actual behaviour so that the expectations are fulfilled

Question 21

Hostile sexism

Answer 21

an antagonistic attitude toward women, who are often viewed as subordinate, subservient beings who should “know their place”

Question 22

benevolent sexism

Answer 22

a chivalrous attitude toward women because it casts women as weak creatures in need of men’s protection

Question 23

Maintain the status quo

Answer 23

a consequence of gender stereotyping
groups with more power are stereotypes in favourable ways, and groups with less power are stereotypes in less favourable ways

Question 24

porn

Answer 24

portrays unequal power in sexual relations

Question 25

erotica

Answer 25

depicts men and women with equal power in mutually consenting relations

Question 26

stereotype threat

Answer 26

fear of confirming an existing stereotype

Question 27

changing gender stereotypes: cultural account

Answer 27

changing cultural beliefs and norms by changing the media, education, etc

Question 28

changing gender stereotypes: motivational account

Answer 28

change people’s needs and defences

Question 29

changing gender stereotypes: cognitive account

Answer 29

motivate people to be mindful by (a) reinforcing or rewarding it and (b) holding people accountable for their decisions

Question 30

changing gender stereotypes: structural account

Answer 30

change women’s and men’s roles