Gender Theory/Mars and Venus Flashcards
(50 cards)
Who wrote Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus and when (decade)?
John Gray in 1990s
Otto Jespersen wrote what book and when?
The Woman in the 1920s
Otto Jespersen claimed that:
- women are overly emotional
- women use smaller vocabularies
- women use more conjunctions (and), unlike men who use subordinate clauses
- women use fewer abstract terms
- women are less coarse in language
‘kros’
angry - used by women as a monologue who publicly complains about another’s behaviour using abusive terms
‘hed’
wilful + headstrong - meant for women - uncooperative
‘save’
knowledge, judgement + good sense - supressed by men to avoid provoking conflict
Significance of Don Kulick’s study
contrasts to universal studies in western language
Don Kulick’s study was in… (place and decade)
Gapun, Papa New Guinea 1990s
Define meta-analysis and who used it
- collating more data samples and studies instead of using only one or two studies to create a generalisation and universal data
- Janet Hyde
Janet Hyde’s research article name is…
The Gender Similarities Hypothesis
What was Janet Hyde’s conclusion?
78% of the gender differences were small or close to zero
Which two other linguists agree with Janet Hyde and came to similar conclusions as her?
Chambers and Liberman
What criticism does Deborah Cameron make before releasing data especially in the pre-1990s?
- taking things out of context such as: age, occupation, social class
- subjects were dominantly white, middle class + well-educated men
- not including other cultures
The name of Robin Lakoff’s book:
Language and Woman’s Place
What does Lakoff focus on?
tag questions
What 2 reasons does Lakoff give as to why women use a higher frequency of tag questions?
- for confirmation - used by men too
- to seek approval - used mostly by women
Which two other linguists challenged Lakoff?
Holmes and O’Leary
What conclusion did Holmes arrive to?
tag questions served a facilitative purpose - inviting more people into the conversation
What conclusion did O’Leary arrive to?
gender isn’t the only factor when it comes to using tag questions - occupation is more significant through his study where teachers and doctors (people of power and a higher status in terms of occupation) used tag questions more frequently
Pamela Fishman study name is…
Interactional Shitwork
Fishman’s study concluded that women use a much higher frequency of?
all questions as men do not see it as their responsibility to initiate conversations
Goodwin’s study name and when:
The Secret Life of Girls in 2006
The Secret Life of Girls focus group was..
a socially and ethnically mixed group in LA
Goodwin’s findings/conclusion:
- girls challenged each other directly
- argued over rules of games such as hopscotch
- boasted about their athletic skills, possessions and family status
