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Biochemistry > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

A sequence of DNA/RNA that codes for a molecule for the transmission of genes to offspring, also the basis of inheritance for phenotypic traits

A

Gene

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2
Q

Carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning of all known living organisms

A

DNA

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3
Q

the DNA stretches which encode for specific proteins

A

gene

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4
Q

a biomolecule that contains genetic info

A

DNA

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5
Q

regulates the traits of an organism

A

gene

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6
Q

regulates gene regulation

A

DNA

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7
Q

a specific sequence present on a short stretch of DNA

A

gene

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8
Q

these are made up of either DNA or RNA

A

gene

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9
Q

a polymer of nucleotides

A

DNA

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10
Q

these are coded with hereditary information

A

genes

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11
Q

encodes genetic instructions

A

DNA

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12
Q

multistep process that ultimately results in the production of a functional gene product, either
RNA or proteins

A

gene expression

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13
Q

Ability of a cell to control or regulate what products (RNA or protein) it makes from its DNA

A

gene expression

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14
Q

2 main groups of genes

A

structural and regulatory

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15
Q

group of gene that are protein coding genes

A

structural genes

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16
Q

this group of gene constitutes about 20, 400 genes in the human body

A

structural genes

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17
Q

constitutes about 2% of human DNA

A

structural genes

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18
Q

group of genes that regulate the proteins that are produced by the structural genes and comprises 98% of human DNA

A

regulatory genes

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19
Q

type of gene structure which mainly comprises the operon-based gene clusters

A

prokaryotic gene structure

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20
Q

type of gene structure whose open reading frame is disturbed by the presence of introns

A

eukaryotic gene structure

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21
Q

type of gene structure where functionally-related genes occurs in operons

A

prokaryotic gene structure

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22
Q

type of gene structure where individual promoters regulate the genes

A

eukaryotic gene structure

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23
Q

for most genes the main site of control is the ______

A

transcription of DNA to RNA

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24
Q

in eukaryotes, gene expression is also controlled at _____ and _____

A

posttranscriptional, posttranslational

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25
Transcription in eukaryotes requires transcription factors to bind the ____ of the promoter
TATA box
26
translation in prokaryotes is initiated by rRNA pairing with _______ in mRNA
SD box
27
a cluster of genes that are transcribed together to give a single messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which therefore encodes multiple proteins
operon
28
the ___ gene codes for B-galactosidase
lacZ
29
lacZ hydrolyzes lactose to _____ and _____
galactose and glucose
30
the _____ gene codes for permease
lacY
31
lacY facilitates movement of
lactose into the cell
32
the _____ gene codes for thiogalactosidetransacetylase
lacA
33
lacA ______ lactose
acetylates
34
this is an example of a negative gene regulation
when glucose is available
35
this gene produces the repressor proteins
lacI
36
adenyl cyclase is inactive in the presence of _____, and CAP is not bound to cAMP
glucose
37
when only lactose is available, a small amount of it is converted into an isomer _____
allolactose
38
in the absence of glucose, _____ is active and cAMP is made and binds to the CAP
adenylyl cyclase
39
when only lactose available is an example of what type of regulation
positive regulation
40
the lacI gene is _____ and is always produced
constitutive
41
what happens when both glucose and lactose are present?
lac operon is uninduced, transcription is negligible
42
adenylyl cyclase is inhibited in the presence of ______ this process is known as ________
glucose, catabolite repression
43
tryptophan omepron includes ____ genes that encode enzymes needed for tryptophan biosynthesis along with a promoter and an operator
5
44
the trp operon is regulated by
trp repressor/attenuator
45
tryptophan which switches a repressor into its active site is called a
corepressor
46
the trp repressor binds and blocks transcription only when
tryptophan is present
47
this is a mechanism for reducing expression of the trp operon when levels of tryptophan are high
attenuation
48
in attenuation, rather than blocking initiation of transcription, it prevents _____ of transcription
completion
49
the section between the operator and the 1st gene of the operon is called the _____
leader
50
the leader encodes a short polypeptide and also contains an ______
attenuator sequence
51
attenuator does not encode a polypeptide but when transcribed into mRNA it can form ______
hairpin structures
52
the polypeptide encoded by the leader is short, just ________amino acids longs and it includes 2 Trp residues
14
53
trytophans are important because
(1) plenty Trp, ribosome wont have to wait for Trp-carrying tRNA (2) if little Trp: ribosome will stall at Trp codons
54
antiterminator hairpin in low Trp levels
2&3
55
terminator hairpin in low Trp levels
3&4
56
in low Trp levels, termination does not occur and RNA polymerase continues transcribing, producing a transcript that includes the
trpE-trpA genes
57
in high levels of Trp, trpE and trpA are
never transcribed
58
part of the eukaryotic gene sequence that is expressed, also the sequence that encodes polypeptides
exons
59
art of the eukaryotic gene sequence that is not expressed and come in between the exons
introns
60
in eukaryotic gene regulation, this is where RNA polymerase II binds
start site
61
RNA polymerase II is a complex of ____ proteins that synthesizes the mRNA
12
62
type of promoter in eukaryotic gene where DNA sequence is located abut 40 bases upstream of the start site
core promoter
63
the core promoter is found in all eukaryotic genes, and its most common is ____
TATA box
64
about _____ can bind the core promoter for gene expression complexes
50 proteins
65
this complex in the core promoter consists of the TATA binding protein which recognizes and binds to the TATA box
transcription factor II D
66
this protein in the core promoter helps the TATA binding protein interact with RNA polymerase II
transcription factor II B
67
segments of DNA found upstream of the core promoter
proximal (upstream) promoter
68
unlike core promoters, upstream promoters
vary from gene to gene
69
these are the DNA sequence that are away from the gene, maybe upstream or downstream
enhancer/silencer
70
the silencer binds ______ that increase the rate of transcription
special transcription factor proteins
71
this is the site of preinitiation complex formation
TATA box
72
this is the first step in transcription initiation in eukaryotes
preinitiation complex formation
73
when does formation of the preinitiation complex begins?
when the multi-subunit transcription factor binds to the TATA box
74
after TFIID binds to the TATA box what joins after?
RNA polymerase II
75
these are proteins involved in the process of converting or transcribing DNA into RNA
transcription factors
76
the main function of transcription factors is to help turn specific genes _____ by binding to nearby DNA
"on" or "off"
77
2 domains of transcription factors
DNA binding domain and transactivation domain
78
78
these attaches to specific DNA sequences that are upstream to a regulated gene
DNA binding domains
79
the DBDs are also called
promoter/response element
80
this is where other proteins (co-regulatory proteins) bind to the transcription factor
transactivation domain (TAD)
81
a 3rd element is sometimes present in transcription factors where it allows signaling molecules to bind the transcription
signal-sensing domain (SSD)
82
activator proteins bind to an _____ in the DNA
enhancer region
83
a DNA-bending protein brings the bound ______ closer to the promoter
activators
84
the activators bind to transcription factors and mediator proteins forming a _____
transcription initiation complex
85
the transcription initiation complex promotes the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter, enhancing
gene expression
86
an autosomal dominant neurodegenarative disorder caused by mutations in the HTT gene
huntington's disease (HD)
87
HTT gene encodes the
huntington protein
88
HD mutation involved expansion of _____ repeats in the HTT gene
CAG trinucleotide
89
this disease manifest with motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms
HD
90
an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness
duchnne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
91
in DMD, the DMD gene encodes for
dystrophin
92
dystrophin is crucial for
muscle fiber integrity
93
patients with DMD experience delayed motor milestones, muscle weakness, and ___
cardiopulmonary complications
94
understanding gene expression of dystrophin has enabled the development of therapies like
exon skipping
95
exon skipping in DMD therapy aims to restore the reading frame of the DMD gene and produce functional albeit
shorter dystrophin protein
96
copolymer-based muscle membrane stabilization of dystrophic muscle occurs via
insertion of hydrophobic PPO block

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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