Gene expression Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Cell specificity___________ is determined by gene expression
A
Phenotype
2
Q
Nucleotides that made DNA
A
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
3
Q
Each nucleotide is made up of?
A
Base ( nitrogenous)
Sugar ( 5 carbons)
Phosphate group
4
Q
Contains genetic information
A
DNA
5
Q
Nucleotides that made RNA
A
Cytosine
Uracil
Guanine
Adenine
6
Q
3 types of RNA
A
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
7
Q
Largest RNA
A
mRNA
8
Q
Numerous RNA
A
rRNA
9
Q
Smallest RNA
A
tRNA
10
Q
Only portions of the DNA are transcribed
A
RNA
11
Q
Proteins are made up of amino acids, and each amino acids has?
A
Amino group
Carboxylic acid group
12
Q
Structure of DNA
A
Double stranded
Negatively charged
Long sequence
13
Q
Structure of RNA
A
Single stranded
Short sequence
14
Q
Location of DNA
A
Nucleus or nucleoid body
15
Q
Location of RNA
A
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
16
Q
Location of proteins
A
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
17
Q
Process of DNA
A
Replication
18
Q
Process of RNA
A
Transcription
Translation
19
Q
Expression of a gene is increased by a factor activator
A
Positive regulation
20
Q
Expression of a gene is decreased by a factor repressor
A
Negative regulation
21
Q
Increased gene expression dependent upon the continued presence of the inducing signal
A
Type A response
22
Q
Either activator or repressor
A
Effector
23
Q
Increased gene expression that is transient despite the continued presence of the inducing signal
A
Type B response
24
Q
Increased gene expression that persist and is irreversible even after the termination of the signal
A
Type C response
25
Commonly observed in prokaryotes in response to sudden changes in the intracellular concentration of the nutrients
Type A response
26
Characterizes the action of many drugs.
| Commonly occurs during the developmant of the organism
Type B response
27
Typically occurs during the development of differentiated function in tissue or organ
Type C response
28
No nucleus, no post transcriptional modifications
Prokaryotes
29
Maybe polcistronic or multiple genes
Prokaryotes
30
Model for study of gene expression in humans.
Control of trnscription
On and off switching is usually seen
Prokaryotic gene expression
31
Example of prokaryotic gene expression
Lac OPeron
| Bacteriphage Lambda
32
No lactose or with lactose but with high glucose
Repressed state
33
With high lactose and no glucose
Activated state
34
Lac operon composed of
```
Promoter site
Operator
lac1
lacZ
lacY
lacA
```
35
In lac operon, what is the inducer?
Lactose
36
Cannot transcribe operator and dsital genes if there is low lactose and higher glucose
RNA polymerase
37
Produce repressor sub unit
lac1
38
Repressor sub unit is
Protein
39
Inactivate the repressors that lead to RNA polymerase to transcribed
Inducers
40
Break down glucose
Beta galactosidase protein
41
Allows the enter of lactose
Permease protein
42
Lac Operon found in the genes of the?
Intestinal E. coli
43
Negative regulator
Lac1,
| Repressing by increased lactose or inducer
44
Positive regulator
CAP-cAMP
| Activator of promoter region that leads to decrease of glucose
45
When the reppressor gene is on
Cro gene is off
46
Reppressor gene is both
```
Positive regulator ( activate itself)
Negative regulator ( inhibits cro gene)
```
47
Cro promoter
Or1 and Or2
48
Responsible fr dormacy of virus
If the repressor protein concentration becomes too high, it will attach to OR3 and diminish transcription of repressor gene until repressor protein concentration drops
49
When Cro gene is activated
Lytic pathway is irreversible
50
Repressor promoter
Or3 and Or2
51
Give way to RNA polymerase to pass through
Ultraviolet inducer
52
Gene for cro
Detructive
53
More complicated than prokaryotic gene expression with several mechanisma for control
Eukaryotic gene expression
54
Eukaryotes have a
Nuclei
Histones
Chromosomes
55
RNA undergoes
Post transcriptional process
56
Eukaryotes transcription
Not simple on and off switch
57
B globin gene is in the active chromatin in
Reticulocyte
58
B globin gene is in the inactive chomatin in
Muscle cell
59
Decreases binding of histone to DNA allowing access to transcription factors
Acetylation
60
May cause gross changes in chromatin which inhibits transcription
Methylation of deoxycitiine residues
61
Distrupt nucleosomal structure
Binding of specific transcription factors
62
DNA sequences that different fom pomoters
Enhancers/silencers
63
Active only when it exist within the same DNA moleule asthe promoter
Enhancers
64
Locus control region
Enhncers
65
B globin gene is in the active chromatin in
Reticulocyte
66
B globin gene is in the inactive chomatin in
Muscle cell
67
Decreases binding of histone to DNA allowing access to transcription factors
Acetylation
68
May cause gross changes in chromatin which inhibits transcription
Methylation of deoxycitiine residues
69
Distrupt nucleosomal structure
Binding of specific transcription factors
70
DNA sequences that different fom pomoters
Enhancers/silencers
71
Active only when it exist within the same DNA moleule asthe promoter
Enhancers
72
Locus control region
Enhncers
73
Organism in Helix turn helix
E coli
Phage
Mammals
74
Organism in zinc finger
```
E coli
Yeast
Drosophila
Xenopus
Mammals
```
75
Organism in leucine zipper
Yeast
| Mammals
76
Used in immunoglobulins
Alternative polyadenylation sites
77
Used to create 7 unique alpha-tropomyosin mRnas in seven different tissues
Alternative splicing and processing
78
mRNAs are stabilized or destabilize through interaction of ____________ in the cytoplasm
Proteins
79
During development or in response to drugs, hundred of rRNA and tRNA genes can be used to produce hundreds of copies
Amplification
80
Organized into loops that are anchored by a nuclear scaffold containing several proteins
Aka nuucleosome or nucleofilament
Polynucleosome
81
DNA + histones
Chromatin
82
5 classes of positively charged proteins ( h in arginine and lysine ) that form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA
Histones
83
2 molecules
H2a, h2b, h3 h4
84
1 molecule attach to linker DNA
H1
85
Dna is further packed due to
Hydrophobic
86
Densely packed and transcriptionally inactive chromatin during interphase
Heterochromatin
87
Non densely packed transcriptionally active chromatin
Euchromatin
88
Organized into loops that are anchored by a nuclear scaffold containing several proteins
Aka nuucleosome or nucleofilament
Polynucleosome
89
DNA + histones
Chromatin
90
5 classes of positively charged proteins ( h in arginine and lysine ) that form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA
Histones
91
2 molecules
H2a, h2b, h3 h4
92
1 molecule attach to linker DNA
H1
93
Dna is further packed due to
Hydrophobic
94
Densely packed and transcriptionally inactive chromatin during interphase
Heterochromatin
95
Non densely packed transcriptionally active chromatin
Euchromatin
96
Organized into loops that are anchored by a nuclear scaffold containing several proteins
Aka nuucleosome or nucleofilament
Polynucleosome
97
Involved in gene expression, DNA replication, DNA repair, gene activation and supression
Core histones
98
Beads on a string appearance
Core histones
99
Coding regions
Exons
100
Non coding intervening sequences
Introns
101
Mammalian genome
<25,000 protein
102
Unique and nonrepetitive sequences 50%
Eukaryotic organism
103
Repetitive sequences 30%
Centromeres and telomeres
104
1% of cellular DNA is in
Mitochondria
105
Stop codons
Uga encodes w aga and agg
106
Occured in gonads
Meiosis
107
Protein NH2 DNA replication
```
Met
Gly
Leu
Ser
Asp
```
108
DNA replication occurs during the ______ of cell cycle
S phase
109
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis beginsat an
Origin of replication
One in prokaryotes
Meltiple in eukaryotes
110
Strands separate locally forming two
Replicaion forks
111
Replication of double stranded DNA is
Bidirectional
112
Group of proteins that recognizethe origin of replication
| Denaturation/ unwinding of A-T rich group
DNA and Protein step 1
113
Unwind the double helix ahead of the advancing replication fork
Step 2 helicase
114
Maintain the separation of the parental strands
Single stranded DNA binding proteins step 3
115
Removal of supercoils that interfere with the further unwinding of the double helix
DNA topoisomerases step 4
116
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis beginsat an
Origin of replication
One in prokaryotes
Meltiple in eukaryotes
117
Strands separate locally forming two
Replicaion forks
118
For lagging strands
Syhtesize short stretches of RNA called primers (10-200 base pairs long)
Needed by DNA polymerase to begin DNA chain elongation
Step 5 primase
119
Group of proteins that recognizethe origin of replication
| Denaturation/ unwinding of A-T rich group
DNA and Protein step 1
120
Unwind the double helix ahead of the advancing replication fork
Step 2 helicase
121
Maintain the separation of the parental strands
Single stranded DNA binding proteins
122
Removal of supercoils that interfere with the further unwinding of the double helix
DNA topoisomerases
123
Catalyzes chain elongation in a 5-3 direction
Step 6 DNA polymerase III
124
DNA polymerase III uses____________ as substrates
5 deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
125
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
126
Removes RNA primers using 5-3 exonuclease activity, then fills in the resulting gaps
DNA polymerase I step 7
127
Seals th nicks between okazaki fragments by catalayzng the final phospholipid ester linkage
Step8 ligase
128
Newly replicated DNA is assembled into nucleosomes
Reconstitution of chromatin structure
129
Highly repetitive DNA at the ends of linear chromosomes
Telomeres
130
Replace telomeres in cells taht do not age
Telomerase
131
Makes DNA copy of the RNA genome, then integrates this into host cells
Reverse transcriptase
132
Mismatched strand
Polymerase I and DNA ligase
Hereditary nonpoyposis colon cancer
133
Abnormal bases
Specific glyoslases
Apyrimidinic or apurinic site
Deoxyribose- phosphate lyase
DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
134
Damaged DNA
UV specific endonucleases
DNA polymerase I
Xeroderma pigmentosum
