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bio 3/4 > gene expression and nucleic acids > Flashcards

gene expression and nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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3
Q

what are the polymers

A

DNA or RNA

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4
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

double stranded, bases A T C and G, deoxyribose sugar and phosphates

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5
Q

what is mRNA

A

takes a copy of a genetic code that encodes for a specific protein to the ribosome

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6
Q

what is tRNA

A

brings an amino acid to ribosome through a complementary anti-codon to the mRNA’s codon

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7
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA, forms a ribosome along with other proteins

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8
Q

what is the general structure of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose/ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base

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9
Q

what is condensation polymerisation?

A

used to join amino acids by creating a peptide bond through the creation of a water molecule from a hydroxyl group on the 3’ end and a hydrogen from the 5’ end of another amino acid

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10
Q

what is the anti parallel nature of DNA?

A

one strand runs 5’ - 3’ with the 5’ carbon pointing up while the other runs 3’ - 5’ with the 5’ carbon pointing downwards (opposite directions)

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11
Q

what does it mean why the genetic code is universal?

A

all organisms contain the same 4 bases that make up DNA, meaning all amino acids are coded for by the same codons in all organisms

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12
Q

what does it mean by the genetic code is degenerate

A

a single amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon

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13
Q

what are the steps of transcription or translation?

A

initiation, elongation and termination

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14
Q

what does initiation do in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase (transcription factor) binds to the promoter region and unwinds and unzips the DNA, breaking the hydrogen bonds and exposing nitrogenous bases

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15
Q

what does elongation do in transcription?

A

free nucleotides are added in a 5’ to 3’ direction as the RNA polymerase moves along (DNA recoils after polymerase has passed)

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16
Q

what is termination in transcription?

A

where transcription ends when RNA polymerase reaches the termination site (stop triplet), chemicals are released causing polymerase to detach

17
Q

what are the three steps of RNA processing?

A

methyl cap, poly-a-tail and splicing

18
Q

what is a methyl cap?

A

added to 5’ end of pre-mRNA

19
Q

what is a poly-a-tail?

A

added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA molecule, increases stability and prevents degrading

20
Q

what is splicing?

A

a spliceosome removes introns and joins exons together

21
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

the removal of different exons to give arise to different proteins

22
Q

what is initiation in translation?

A

ribosome attaches to the 5’ end of mature mRNA and moves along until it reaches the AUG start codon when the corresponding tRNA will bring the amino acid met

23
Q

what is elongation in translation?

A

the ribosome continues reading and the tRNA bring corresponding amino acids, they join the growing polypeptide chain via condensation polymerisation

24
Q

what is termination in translation?

A

the ribosome reaches a stop codon where it detaches

25
Q

what is the structure of a gene?

A

promoter region - where transcription factors bind
exons and introns
stop and start triplets

26
Q

what are proteins made of

A

amino acids - monomer

27
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid?

A

amino group, acid (COOH), hydrogen and an r group which varies depending on the amino acie

28
Q

what is the primary structure

A

the linear sequence of amino acids

29
Q

what is the secondary structure?

A

random coiling, alpha helix and beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)

30
Q

what is the tertiary structure

A

the total irregular folding of the 3D protein (hydrogen bonds, ionic and covalent bonds)

31
Q

what is the quaternary structure?

A

two or more polypeptide chains interacting to form a functional protein

32
Q

when is a protein deemed biologically functional?

A

tertiary

bio 3/4 (7 decks)

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