gene projects peq Flashcards
(8 cards)
describe the functions of enzymes used to GM bacteria
restriction endonuclease used to cut plasmid/ isolate gene
forming sticky ends
ligase enzymes used to add isolated gene to plasmid
ligase forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
recombinant DNA/ plasmid produced
explain how an enzyme is involved in joining two difference genes together
DNA ligase joins the two genes
by forming phosphodiester bonds in condensation reactions
enzyme has complementary shaped active site which binds to substrate molecule to catalyse biological reactions
explain how a single base mutation could lead to an altered primary structure
changing in base results in change in triplet code
this changes the codons in the mRNA
resulting in a different amino acid sequence in primary structure
explain how human genome sequencing could be used to identify mutations associated with a condition
sequence genome of people with condition
sequence genome of a number of people without the condition
compare the base sequences to identify mutations found only in individuals with condition
describe how an insect could be GM to produce a specific form of a human protein
extract mRNA for specific form of protein
copy mRNA into DNA
use restriction enzymes to create sticky ends and cut DNA and a vector
insert the protein DNA into the vector DNA
introduce vector into zygote/ cells
give two reasons why some people may be concerned about use of GM fibres
transfer of antibiotic-resistance gene to other microorganisms
long term health effects not known enough
describe how short sequence of rna could be produced to treat diseas/ condition (2)
transcription of the DNA containing the mutation to produce mRNA/ RNA
using RNA nucleotides/ RNA polymerase
explain why gene therapy may be described as personalised medicine
individuals have different mutations/ medicine targets an individual’s specific mutation
the (RNA) molecules used will be specific to each mutation/ individual
