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Gene Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

protein production starts at?

A

transcription

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2
Q

after transcription, what process follows?

A

translation

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3
Q

T/F only a fraction of genes in a cell are expressed at any one time

A

True

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4
Q

different cell types arise from gene expression because cells have distinct sets of?

A

transcription regulators

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5
Q

what do transcription regulators do?

A

increase or suppress transcription

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6
Q

DNA is made up by nucleotides. What do nucleotides consist of?

A

sugar-phosphate molecule with a nitrogen containing side group, or base attached to it

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7
Q

what are the 4 different bases which create DNA?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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8
Q

define DNA replication

A

process of DNA copying itself during cell division

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9
Q

what is the first step of DNA replication?

A

the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strand

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10
Q

which enzyme carries out the first step of DNA replication?

A

helicase

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11
Q

what is the second step of DNA replication?

A

the priming of the template strand for duplication

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12
Q

what is the third step of DNA replication?

A

the formation of the new DNA segment

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13
Q

which enzyme carries out the third step of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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14
Q

in eukaryotic cells, what phase does DNA replication occur in during the cell cycle?

A

S phase

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15
Q

what are three things DNA replication is vital for?

A

cell growth, repair, and reproduction

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16
Q

define Transcription

A

synthesis of RNA complementary to a DNA template

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17
Q

RNA synthesis is carried out by which enzyme?

A

RNA polymerase (Pol II)

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18
Q

Do RNA chains grow in a 3’ to 5’ direction or 5’ to 3’ direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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19
Q

how many strands of DNA is transcribed at a time?

A

one

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20
Q

The sequence of bases ATG is significant because?

A

It is the starting site for transcription

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21
Q

the sequence of bases TAA is significant because?

A

it is the stopping site for transcription

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22
Q

in eukaryotes, gene transcription is controlled by a?

A

core promoter

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23
Q

what does a core promoter consist of?

A
  • a transcription start site
  • a TATA box (at the -2 5 region)
  • a TFIIB recognition element (at the -3 5 region)
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24
Q

regulation of transcription is controlled by?

A

enhancers

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25
what are enhancers?
DNA sequences containing multiple binding sites
26
what do enhancers do?
activate transcription independent of their location, distance or orientation with respect to the promoters of genes
27
an activator protein bound to DNA next to an enhancer functions as what purpose?
attracts proteins to the promoter region to activate RNA polymerase and start transcription
28
the rate of gene expression can be increased or decreased by the binding of?
Transcription factors (TF)
29
what are Transcription factors?
either activators or repressors to control the enhancers
30
The binding of transcription factors ultimately determines what?
how much, if any, of the gene product will be produced
31
T/F the same gene can be transcribed in multiple ways depending on the amount of transcriptional regulator proteins
True
32
what are the three chromatin remodeling factors?
``` ATP-dependent factors histone acetyltransferases (HATs) histone methyltransferases (HMTs) ```
33
what are the three cofactors which act at the level of DNA?
mediator general positive cofactors cell-specific factors negative cofactors
34
What are housekeeping genes?
genes used in all cell types and are recognized by activator proteins in all cells
35
what are cell specific genes?
genes expressed in some cell types or at certain times and are recognized by activator proteins in specific cell types or times
36
what do Basal Transcription Factors do?
bind to the core promoter?
37
examples of Basal Transcription Factors:
TBP- TATA box binding protein | TAF- TBP associated factors
38
Does RNA polymerase II bind to basal factors?
yes
39
trans acting elements vs cis acting elements
trans can diffuse through cytoplasm and act at target DNA sites on any DNA molecule in cell cis can only influence expression of adjacent genes on same DNA molecule
40
trans-acting proteins control transcription from class II ______
promoters
41
the determination of the type of cell a cell becomes depends on different?
transcription factors
42
T/F transcription factors remain consistent (on or off) during successive generations of cells
False, TF can turn on at different times during successive generations of cells
43
T/F TF can affect and change a cell during gene expression which affects the next generation of cells derived from a cell
True
44
In later generations of a cell, the combination of different transcription factors will determine the _____
cell type
45
what is mRNA?
protein-coding RNA
46
what is ncRNA?
non-coding RNA- becomes transcribed to serve various functions
47
what is rRNA?
ribosomal RNA | helps with protein synthesis
48
what is tRNA?
transfer RNA | mediator between mRNA and amino acids
49
what is snRNA?
small nuclear RNA | RNA that form part of the sliceosome
50
what is snoRNA?
small nucleolar RNA | found in nucleolus, involved in modification of rRNA
51
what is RNAi?
RNA interference | non-coding RNA involved in regulation of expression
52
what is miRNA?
micro RNA | involved in regulation of expression
53
what is siRNA?
small interfering RNA | active molecules in RNA interference
54
what is lncRNA? what is it regulated by? what enzyme transcribes it?
-long noncoding RNA regulates gene expression -regulated by transcription factors -RNA Pol II
55
T/F lncRNA is a regulator of disease
True
56
where is the genome located in a cell?
in the nucleus
57
what is the genome comprised of?
chromosomes
58
what are the tiny proteins called that DNA wraps around inside chromosomes?
histones
59
once the mRNA is created from the strand of DNA, the mRNA goes out of the nucleous and brings it to the?
ribosome
60
what does tRNA do at the ribosome
brings amino acids to the ribosome
61
once the mRNA is read, what is the resulting formation?
protein
62
what does a cell use to cause specific gene silencing?
microRNA
63
how does microRNA carry out gene silencing?
inactivates mRNA

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