General Flashcards

Question

Health promotion for alcohol/substance misuse

Answer 1

Education - PSHE and TV/radio, FRANK education programme Policy - minimum unit pricing, taxation, stricter licensing laws Mass media campaigns - Drink await

Answer 2

People talk to other people before seeking help

Answer 3

Interference with work or physical activity Interference with social relations Interpersonal crisis (i.e. death in family) Putting time limit on symptoms Sanctioning (relative/friends tell them to seek health care advice)

Answer 4

Provision & availability of resources Transport - cost, car ownership Disruption to work Attitudes of staff Previous bad experience Inverse care law Geographical distance from healthcare Time/effort Long waiting times Inability for time off work/children

Answer 5

Interference with person's freedom of information and choices in health care

Answer 6

is a means of assessing clinical negligence in Court If a Dr/nurse reaches the standard of a responsible body of medical opinion, he is not negligent

Answer 7

An addition to the Bolam test of the legal standard of care required in negligence actions, which states that a professional's acts or omissions be assessed to see if (i) they accord with a reasonable body of opinion and (ii) they withstand the logical analysis of the court. The concept that doctors should behave in a logical way

Answer 8

The principle of beneficence is the obligation of physician to act for the benefit of the patient

Answer 9

is the right of competent adults to make informed decisions about their own medical care.

Answer 10

study of the means of deciding what is right and wrong

Answer 11

refers to the nature of ethical terms and concepts and to the attempt to understand the underlying assumptions behind moral theories is the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment study of moral concepts

Answer 12

is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong also known as “duty-based ethics”. This ideology states that the correct course of action is dependent on what your duties and obligations are. It means that the morality of an action is based on whether you followed the rules, rather than what the consequence of following them was.

Answer 13

The use of moral principles and reasoning to solve problems that arise in practical fields, such as health care, law, or management.

Answer 14

The concept that there is no such thing as a disabled individual but that society makes people individual

Answer 15

Discrimination against disabled people is due to the organisation of society

Answer 16

The medical model of disability says people are disabled by their impairments or differences

Answer 17

The loss of other alternatives when one alternative is chosen

Answer 18

Improving a population by controlled breeding

Answer 19

accept the loss acknowledge the pain of the loss adjust to a new environment reinvest in the reality of a new life

Answer 20

1. giving every child the best start in life 2. enabling all children, young people and adults to maximize their capabilities and have control over their lives 3. creating fair employment and good work for all 4. ensuring a healthy standard of living for all 5. creating and developing sustainable places and communities 6. strengthening the role and impact of ill-health prevention.

Answer 21

Labelling Stereotyping Separating Lose social status Discrimination

Answer 22

Investing in healthcare interventions which make the best use of scarce resources

Answer 23

New case of disease (within a period) / no initially free of disease

Answer 24

( number of existing cases / total population ) X 1000

Answer 25

the inability to work because you are a carer

Answer 26

There is an increase in cost and no further improvement on health

Answer 27

Gap between scientific understanding and patient care

Answer 28

``` Setting up and starting Perception Invitation Knowledge Emotions Strategy and summary ```

Answer 29

1 - (1/R0)

Answer 30

The probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false

Answer 31

clinical decision support system (CDSS) Examples: - laboratory information systems (LISs) highlighting critical care values or pharmacy information systems (PISs) presenting an alert ordering a new drug and proposing a possible drug-drug interaction - drug dosage advice - screening alerts - reminder systems

Answer 32

is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality or the wealth inequality within a nation or a social group measure of inequality

Answer 33

decision support tool that uses a tree-like model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility ``` square = decision circle = chance ```

Answer 34

The ratio of the probability of developing an outcome in those exposed compared to those not exposed

Answer 35

Serious incidents that are entirely preventable because of guidance or safety measures

Answer 36

statistical artefact health or social selection materialist/structuralist cultural/behavioural health difference poverty causes poor health

Answer 37

The group found that there were differences in mortality rates across the social groups, with those in lower social groups suffering higher rates of mortality. The report also found inequalities in access to health services, particularly preventative services, with low rates of uptake by the working classes

Answer 38

increasing child benefit improving housing agreeing minimum working conditions with unions.

Answer 39

Advanced directive for Bipolar Disorder

Answer 40

Shock and numbness. · Yearning and searching. · Despair and disorganization. · Re-organization and recovery.

Answer 41

``` Advance preparation Build therapeutic environment/relationship Communicate well Deal with pt/family reactions Encourage and validate emotions ```

Answer 42

Social stigma, which involves the prejudiced attitudes others have around mental illness Self-perceived stigma, which involves an internalized stigma the person with the mental illness suffers from Anticipated stigma - expectation bias from others Experienced stigma Discrimination - the behavioural result of prejudice Discredited - stigma known about Discreditable - stigma not known about

Answer 43

``` Strength of association Consistency Specificity Temporality Biological gradient Plausibility Coherence Experiment Analogy ```

Answer 44

Confirming the symptoms are not the patients fault

Answer 45

Osteopathy

Answer 46

costs and outcomes are combined into a single measure to allow comparison

Answer 47

1) how people identify an illness using symptoms and a disease label (identity), 2) beliefs about cause, 3) duration (timeline), 4) personal consequences 5) control

Answer 48

Well informed Voluntary Has capacity

Answer 49

Improve trust between pt and dr Legal requirement Respects autonomy Professional duty

Answer 50

Law Consent by patient Public best interest

Answer 51

public health act

Answer 52

Many layers of defence lie between hazards and accidents Flaws in each layer align and allow accidents to occur

Answer 53

``` Inexperience Unfamiliarity with task Shortage of time Inadequate checking Poor procedures Poor human equipment interface ```

Answer 54

Routine - regularly performed shortcuts due to the system, process or task being poorly designed Reasoned - occasional deviation form a protocol or procedure which we believe have good reason for making Reckless - deliberate deviation from protocol and includes ignoring foreseeable harm even though it may not be intended Malicious - deliberate deviation from protocol with intention to cause harm

Answer 55

Hospital mortality Data on other measures of safety - reports of never events, safety thermometer Monitoring and inspection by regulators - CQC, NHS improvement

Answer 56

``` Health public policy Action in the community Re-orientating health services Personal skills Supportive environment ```

Answer 57

Primary - aims to prevent onset of disease (e.g., screening risk factors) Secondary - detect and cure/reduce effects of disease at an early stage (e.g., cancer screening) Tertiary - minimise the effects.reduce the progression of irreversible disease (self-management programs for those with chronic disease)

Answer 58

Health persuasion - public health campaigns, recommended alcohol levels, adverts Personal counselling - one to one, goal setting, tailored support and action plans Legislative - food labelling, speed limit on road Community development - working with stakeholders, community campaigning, group fundraising to improve local services

Answer 59

Preventative measure that brings benefit to local population but offers little to each participating individual

Answer 60

``` Reduce M+M Prevent outbreaks and epidemics Contain infection within population Generate herd immunity Eradicate infectious agent Interrupt transmission to humans Reduce no of infections ```

Answer 61

Small pox | Polio

Answer 62

``` Hep B Japanese encephalitis Yellow fever Meningitis Rabies TB ```

Answer 63

estimates the average number of secondary cases per infection cases in the population made up of both susceptible and non-susceptible hosts R=RoX Ro - average number of individuals directly infected by an infectious agent in a totally susceptible population (basic reproduction rate) X = fraction of the host population which is susceptible R=1 is epidemic threshold

Answer 64

Cost and use of medical resources Adverse effects of screening procedure - stress, radiation False positive results Unnecessary investigations and treatment of false positives Stress of prolonging knowledge of illness without any improvement in outcome False negative - false security

Answer 65

The duration of a disease in which there are no clinical symptoms but the disease is detectable through screening

Answer 66

Prevention - tackle smoking, obesity Screening - diagnose cancer early Ensuring better treatment - reduce waiting times, increases radiotherapy capacity Living with and beyond cancer - national cancer survivorship initiative Reducing cancer inequalities Delivering care in the most appropriate settings - e.g., locally

Answer 67

Deontology - an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong Virtue ethics - person rather than action based: it looks at the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out an action, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular actions. Consequentialism - Of all the things a person might do at any given moment, the morally right action is the one with the best overall consequences.

Answer 68

Purely logical argument using premises that follow each other

Answer 69

Making an argument based on observation with more probable conclusions

Answer 70

Premises follow each other | Argument does not beg question

Answer 71

Not if premise is false/opinion/moral claim

Answer 72

Straw man fallacy - ignore persons actual position and substituting it for a distorted/exaggerated version of that position Ad Hominems - directing an argument against a person rather than the point they make Appealing to emotion Begging the question Argument from fallacy - conclusion must be false as premises are false

Answer 73

Establish incidence and survival over time between demographic groups and social groups to reduce inequality Track efficacy of screening and primary prevention schemes Allows comparison between regions - evaluates the quality of care Evaluates the impact on social and environmental factors

Answer 74

Cancer diagnosis - type, date/location Cancer treatment - type, date/location Outcomes - date of death, cause of death

Answer 75

Aim to ^ speed, quality and integration of research to improve patient care Supports prospective cancer trials and trials performed by charities

Answer 76

Facilities Resources - human and material Organisation - ie. clinics, consultants, nurses, mammogram scanner, GPs

Answer 77

Parenting programmes - for children with conduct disorder, prevent PD HV interventions - for women at ^ risk of PND School based programmes - prevent violence, bullying, offending and reoffending Screening and brief intervention - alcohol CAGE Debt advice Physical activity campaigns Anti-stigma campaigns Promote well being and early depression detection at work

Answer 78

Standardisation of diagnostic criteria Allows epidemiological studies, geographical comparisons of prevalence and incidence Alphanumerical format, allows quick referral and easy addition of categories

Answer 79

Two different criteria sets - who uses what Schizophrenia diagnosis relies on many psychotic Sx, which are a common final pathway in other disease Just groups commonly co-existing Sx patterns, without understanding underlying cause/nature

Answer 80

CPN - talk through problems, offer advice and support, give meds and monitor Fx Key worker - manage cases and checks in with patients

Answer 81

Responsibility of PHE to deal with outbreak situations and monitor the emergence of diseases not previously seen in the UK

Answer 82

A measure of the accuracy with which a sample represents a population

Answer 83

Fishbone chart

Answer 84

Coughing or sneezing

General Flashcards

(109 cards)