General Flashcards

Question

When does CDM regulations apply?

Answer 1

Work is longer than 30 days More than 20 workers Exceed 500 person days

Answer 2

Cost/Time/Reputation

Answer 3

Conciliator will give suggestions/recommendations Mediator acts as a messenger

Answer 4

1)M&F must be honest act with integrity and follow RICS obligations 2) M&F must maintain professional competence and ensure services are provided by competent individuals with the necessary expertise 3) M&F must provide good quality and diligent service 4)M&F must treat others with respect and encourage diversity and inclusion 5)M&F must act in public interest and take responsibility for their actions and act to prevent harm and maintain public confidence in the profession

Answer 5

1 - Conflict of interests / bribes 2 - Develop knowledge CPD / Complex valuation using senior surveyor to undertake rather than junior grad 3 - Understanding clients requirements/agreeing scope providing limitations/timescales 4 - RLB D&I events EID Black history month/Treat others with respect/ do not discriminate, bully or harass/ check supply chain doesn't use modern slavery

Answer 6

1) CPD Requirements 20 hours 10 must be formal 2)Cooperate with RICS 3) Provide information as reasonable requested to the standard regulation board

Answer 7

1) Complaints handling procedure 2) Professional indemnity cover 3) If sole principal arrangements need to be made in place for work to be continued due to their absence sickness or death 4) Cooperate with RICS 5) Provide information to RICS 6) Display business literature in accordance with RICS published policy designation 7) Report to RICS any matters under the Rules for registration for firms

Answer 8

Duty of care - responsibility towards client ensuring work is completed to a high standard Client care - Going above and beyond

Answer 9

Composite windows - Made from two different materials typically timber and aluminum UPV - UnPlasticised polyvinyl chloride

Answer 10

Overbudget due to inflation Event occured which was Ukraine War causes a spike in various packages Items such as steel surged 20-30%

Answer 11

Products were not sourced abroad VE products meet the functionality needed by the client at a lower cost

Answer 12

Open book basis Contractor would send costs from 3-4 different suppliers.

Answer 13

Created to have consistency in measuring Applies to four sectors R-esidential R-etail I-ndustrial O-ffice

Answer 14

Benchmark against similiar schemes cost per sqft Reconciliate against previous cost plan stage 2-3 check quants

Answer 15

Third Party - Legislation (right of third party act) Collateral warranty - A document which creates a contractual link between two parties

Answer 16

There is a defects liability period within the contract Contractor has to amend within that time frame Patent defects - discovered whilst inspecting site Latent defects - Shows up later after a few months/years

Answer 17

All provisional sums would need to be expended and agreed

Answer 18

Sectional completion - Agreed within contract) Partial Possession - Not agreed within contract , client has to ask contractor. Retention is released upon completion certificate Defect Liability begins Liquidated damages reduced in proportion

Answer 19

Depends on the project and how much of each is required

Answer 20

Special amendment to the contract

Answer 21

A- Contribution, levy and tax fluctuations B - Labour/material and tax C- Formula adjustment

Answer 22

0 - Means none stated Blank/Nil - Can claim unliquidated damages has to be proven in court Liquidated damages - Genuine pre estimate of financial lost suffered by client due to contractor not meeting completion date

Answer 23

Check if materials listed within the contract Check against programme if items are due Check the vesting certificate (transfer ownership of materials to client) Check the items are stored safely, labelled with clients name and insured

Answer 24

Cost impact and Probability Quantitative - Costs Qualitative - Impact/Likelihood Monte Carlo - Simulation likeliness of impact/ expensive to use Reviewing anticipated changes

Answer 25

Contractor input into the design can advise on buildability and use there expertise and experience Transfers design risk to contractor Overlap design and construction

Answer 26

Steel quicker to assemble less labour intensive unlike Concrete Steel needs fire proofing , intumescent paint is sprayed on and expands when there is a fire concrete does not need fire proofing Steel longer spans so more Net to Gross area less need for columns such as concrete Concrete takes times to cure to reach its full strength

Answer 27

Concrete measured as m3 Rebar measured as tonnes Formwork measured as m

Answer 28

Using the rates and prices in the contract sum analysis where they are applicable and reasonable If there are no applicable or reasonable rates or prices, variations should be valued using new rates or prices derived from the contract sum analysis or based on fair market rates or prices If works are not comparable to CSA rates then daywork would have to be applied (Plant, labour, materials and OHP)

Answer 29

Advantages Faster construction time and reduced site disruption Improved quality control and reduced waste Enhanced design flexibility and customization Potential cost savings and environmental benefits Disadvantages Higher initial costs and transportation costs Limited design options and standardization Potential issues with site access and installation Challenges with coordination and integration of services

Answer 30

A provisional sum is an allowance for work or costs that are not yet defined or certain at the time of tendering. A prime cost sum is an allowance for work or materials to be supplied by a nominated sub-contractor or supplier, excluding any profit or attendance by the main contractor.

Answer 31

Contractor is appointed in two stages First stage, the contractor is selected based on their fee, preliminaries, overheads and profit, and their ability to develop the design and provide cost certainty. In the second stage, the contractor finalises the design and tenders for the works packages, and agrees on a lump sum price with the employer. Some benefits of this method are It allows an early start on site and an overlap between design and construction It enables early contractor involvement and input into the design and buildability It reduces the risk of design changes and variations during construction It provides cost certainty and value engineering at an earlier stage Some drawbacks of this method are: It requires a high level of trust and collaboration between the parties It may result in higher tendering costs and longer tender periods It may create uncertainty or disputes over the scope of works and responsibilities It may reduce the employer’s control over the design quality and specification

Answer 32

A schedule of areas is a document that shows the breakdown of the gross internal floor area (GIFA) of a building into different functional areas, such as residential, retail, office, etc. It also shows the net internal area (NIA) and net lettable area (NLA) of each area. The purpose of a schedule of areas is to provide a basis for calculating the cost per m2 of each area and to compare the efficiency and performance of different buildings.

Answer 33

To advise the client on selecting the most appropriate procurement method, I would first discuss with them their objectives and priorities in terms of time, cost, quality, and risk. I would then analyse the project characteristics, such as size, complexity, design responsibility, and market conditions. Based on these factors, I would present the client with the advantages and disadvantages of various procurement methods, such as traditional, design and build, management contracting, construction management. I would also provide examples of similar projects that have used these methods and their outcomes. I would then recommend the most suitable procurement method that meets the client’s needs and expectations

Answer 34

A contract sum analysis is a document that shows the breakdown of the contract sum into different categories, such as preliminaries, overheads and profit, main works, provisional sums, prime cost sums, fluctuations, etc. It is used to provide transparency and clarity on how the contract sum is calculated and to facilitate valuation of variations and payments

Answer 35

I monitor and report on the project expenditure against the budget by preparing monthly cost reports, which include the following information: The original budget and any approved changes The current contract sum and any anticipated changes The value of work done to date and any retention held The forecast final cost and any contingency remaining The cash flow forecast and any deviations from the planned cash flow The risks and opportunities identified and their potential impact on cost and programme

Answer 36

To advise the client on selecting the most suitable contractor, I would first understand the client’s objectives and criteria for selecting a contractor, such as quality, price, experience, reputation, etc. I would then prepare a tender list of suitable contractors based on market research and previous projects. I would also prepare a pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ) to assess the contractors’ financial stability, technical capability, health and safety record, etc. Based on the PQQ responses, I would shortlist the contractors who meet the minimum requirements and invite them to tender. I would then prepare and issue the tender documents, which include the scope of works, drawings, specifications, contract conditions, pricing document, etc. I would also manage the tender process by answering any queries from the contractors, arranging site visits, conducting tender interviews, etc. After receiving the tender returns, I would analyse and evaluate them based on the client’s criteria. I would check for any errors, omissions, qualifications or discrepancies in the tenders. I would also compare the tenders with each other and with the pre-tender estimate. I would then prepare a tender report that summarises my findings and recommendations. I would present the tender report to the client and advise them on which contractor offers the best value for money and meets their expectations. I would also assist the client in negotiating with the preferred contractor to finalise the contract terms and conditions

Answer 37

I check that the contract particulars are completed correctly, such as the names and addresses of the parties, the contract sum, the dates of possession and completion, the retention percentage, etc. I collate the contract documents, such as the conditions of contract, the employer’s requirements, the contractor’s proposals, the contract sum analysis, the drawings and specifications, etc. I make sure that they are consistent and coherent, and that any amendments or qualifications are clearly identified. I arrange for the contract documents to be signed by both parties in duplicate, and exchange them within a reasonable time after the date of the letter of intent or acceptance. I also ensure that any bonds or guarantees are provided by the contractor as required by the contract. I distribute one copy of the signed contract documents to each party, and keep a record of the date of issue and receipt.

Answer 38

Identify the potential risks that may arise from various sources, such as design, site conditions, procurement, construction, etc. Evaluate the likelihood and impact of each risk using a scoring matrix or a qualitative assessment Assign a risk owner and a risk status for each risk Develop a response strategy for each risk, such as avoid, reduce, transfer or accept Monitor and update the risk register regularly to reflect any changes in the risk profile or the project circumstances

Answer 39

OH&P Prelims If there are packages defined they can be competitively tendered at 1st stage

Answer 40

NRM1 (OCE AND CP) 1- Introduction 2 - Measurement rules for order of cost estimating 3 - Measurement rules for cost plan 4 - Tabulated rules for measurement NRM 2 (BOQ) 1 - Introduction 2 - Measurement rules for detailed measurements 3 - Tabulated rules of measurement for building works

Answer 41

Allowance for unforeseen costs/unknown risks Typically done as a percentage (benchmark against similar schemes) and it will be reduced as the design develops and becomes more detailed Risks then form part of a risk register

Answer 42

DPA - Applies to UK /GDPR - Applies to EU DPA - Not required Data protection officer but required under GDPR DPA - Fines 1% Annual Turnover whereas GDPR is 4% Annual Turnover

Answer 43

Vision statement - Defines goals Mission Statement - Companies core values and purpose

Answer 44

-Everyone should feel valued - Equal opportunity regardless of age, sex, disability etc

Answer 45

3 Gateways 1 - Principle Designer 2 - Principle Contractor 3 - Occupier/Client Building Safety Regulator will manage

Answer 46

Amend the contract in payment timelines

Answer 47

Ukraine war Post brexit - Shortage of labour - Rise of energy and fuel - Steel prices increased

Answer 48

OHP Prelims Design Fees Financials Capacity Experience/References Health and Safety

Answer 49

DB is administers by a EA Intermediate is administered by a CA DB Contractor responsible for all design Under a Intermediate only responsible for Contractor design portion CDP

Answer 50

A - Stage payments (pre-agreed stages) B - Interim payments (monthly)

Answer 51

1 - Articles of agreement (identifies employer/contractor) 2- Contract Particulars (date of possession, date for completion, levels of required insurances) 3 - Conditions (9 sections; contractors obligation, practical completion, change control, payment arrangements, insurance, collateral warranties, termination, dispute) 4- Schedules (additional details of the project) 5 - Employers requirements (sets out what the client what's to achieve) 6- Contractor's Proposals (How contractor proposes to meet ERS) 7 - Design documents (Drawings/Specifications)

Answer 52

Wet Screed - Quicker to pour less labour intensive - Have to wait to dry (can use heaters to speed up process) - More cost effective compared to dry screed - Good for UFH heating covers all the air gaps Dry Screed - Can be laid and walked on quickly 24-48hours -

Answer 53

1- Company information 2 - Financial standing (company turnover to ensure they have financial capacity to undertake the project) 3- H&S 4 - Technical Capabilities (experience/references/similar projects) 5- Capacity (workload projection) 6 - PCG - Performance Bond if required

Answer 54

Tender return costs Tender normalisation Tender compliance checks Scoring matrix commercial/technical

Answer 55

NRM - Construction cost and measurement has guidance on how to measure and what to include and exclude / guidance note best practice IPMS - Measurement of real estate properties has illustrations on how to measure , measure to internal dominant face / International standard mandatory when reporting on areas

Answer 56

Large opening interior spaces

Answer 57

I would consult the RICS Termination Guidance Note. - Secure site + offsite materials - Check contract for termination clauses - Call in any bonds - Review collateral warranties & step in rights - Ensure detailed records are kept - Draft notional final account - Revised shedule of works until termination

Answer 58

- Type of business + staffing - Client nature - CPH - PI - Money handling - Training

Answer 59

Articles of agreement Contract Particulars Conditions of the contraction (9) Schedules

Answer 60

Definitions Carrying out the works Control of the works Payment Variations Insurance Assignment, third party rights, collateral warranties Termination Disputes

Answer 61

Secure site + offsite materials - Check contract for termination clauses - Call in any bonds - Review collateral warranties & step in rights - Ensure detailed records are kept - Draft notional final account - Revised schedule of works until termination - If incompetent in area seek legal advice

Answer 62

Contractor has to provide assessment Assessed by QS Relevant matter - responsibilities of the client cause contractor delay Added to contract sum / paid next interim valuation (Retention not applied)

Answer 63

Modernizing & Streamlining: Adopting gender-neutral language, more flexibility with electronic notices. Extensions of Time: Introducing new events like epidemics, reducing assessment time for extensions to 8 weeks. Loss and Expense: Adding new events like unexploded ordnance, contaminated materials, and asbestos. Liquidated Damages: Allowing LADs up to termination, then general damages. Disputes: Parties must notify potential disputes to seek settlement, with the option to refer to adjudication. No more shortlists; parties choose their adjudication body. New Form of Contract: Introducing JCT Target Cost Contract as an alternative to NEC Option C ECC.

Answer 64

Governing Council - Responsible for strategy and overseeing RICS Board - Delivery of business plan and operations Standards and Regulation Board - Oversee activities such as professional standards, entry to profession, education and qualification standards

Answer 65

1 - Act with Integrity 2- High standard of service 3- Promote trust within profession 4- Treat others with respect 5-Take responsibility

Answer 66

Professional Statement - Mandatory must be followed for example Conflict of interests, Bribery and corruption and money laundering Guidance note - Best practice such as NRM1 useful to follow best practice if there was a claim for negligence

Answer 67

Provides opportunities for members to connect and network within there technical expertise Examples of groups Construction, valuation, commercial property, residential property, land and natural resources, building surveying and building control

Answer 68

I would check for compliance against the RICS appointment document

Answer 69

Matrix - To support new joiners into the profession such as apprentices, students and trainees and those who are newly qualified up to 10 years (opportunities for CPD, Mentoring, social events) Lionheart - Charity supporting RICS past present future professionals. Aim to support Finance Health & Wellbeing Family related support Work-related support

Answer 70

Modernising and Streamlining: Gender neutral, electronic notices. Extension of Time: Relevant events such as epidemics. Time is reduced to 8 weeks. Loss and Expense: New relevant matters such as UXO, contained materials and asbestos. LDs: Works not completed at termination can be levied up. Addition of payment due date after termination. Disputes: Potential disputes must be raised to a senior executive to seek negotiation. Adjudication no longer must be a shortlist. Fluctuations: Using the JCT Fluctuations Hub and moving fluctuation provisions online. Legislative Changes: Addressing Building Safety Act, Construction Act, and insolvency law updates. New Form of Contract: JCT Target Cost Contract as an alternative to NEC Option C ECC.

Answer 71

Benefits: The client benefits from a competitive tendering process which can lead to more competitive pricing. The client can also benefit from a fixed price through this tendering process. Risks: The number of contractors prepared to bid for the project may be low. Historically, single-stage procurement was done through an OJEU process, which often resulted in high tendering costs to the contractors. Because of this many have shifted their focus to the more cost effective two-stage schemes over time and are no longer willing to engage in single-stage. The development scheme is generally designed and costed up by the contractor in isolation which can often result in the project budget being exceeded. Generally, this is because contractors may not have been consulted on the buildability at the outset meaning ever-changing building costs throughout the project.

Answer 72

Benefits: The project doesn’t have to be fully designed and costed before they can start procurement for the project, thus reducing costs. Shorter timescales required to get a contractor appointed. Due to the shorter timescales, the client would benefit from contractor early engagement which could result in project costs being reduced through a Value Engineering Process. The collaborative approach breeds greater communication with the client and the clients team, which can result in improved outcomes. Risks: If the client and contractor don’t communicate with each other then it would be unlikely that they would benefit from collaboration and project and cost clarity.

Answer 73

- Dun bradsheet financal checks - Conflict of interest - Money laundering /

Answer 74

This scheme provides protection, as a last resort, in instances where an RICS Regulated firm is unable to repay a client's money, up to the limits and exceptions set out in the scheme rules.

Answer 75

Quantitative - Monte Carlo Qualitative - Probability Matrix (Likeliness/Severity)

Answer 76

The Building Safety Act received Royal Assent in April 22. Applies to all buildings but with specific focus and actions on ‘Higher-risk Buildings. HRB are classed as over 18 metres high or seven storeys or more, which contain at least two residential units. Also applies to care homes and hospitals meeting the same height threshold. Introduction of new duty holders: 1. Building Safety Regulator [BSR] - responsible for overseeing the safety and performance systems of all buildings. 2. Accountable Person [AP] - will have an ongoing duty to assess Building Safety risks and provide a ‘Safety Case Report’ which demonstrates how Building Safety risks are being identified, mitigated, and managed on an ongoing basis. 3. Principal Accountable Person [PAP] - Where a building has more than one AP, the AP responsible for the structure and exterior of the building will be the Principal Accountable Person (PAP). The planning Gateways: 1. At the point of planning application, a fire statement is to be prepared and issued along with the planning application. 2. Prior to the commencement of construction, the BSR must give approval. - Any changes to the approved design / materials [during construction] to be approved by the BSR before installation. Between 14 days – 4 weeks depending on the extent of the proposed changes. 3. Prior to occupation of the building, a building assessment certificate must be issued by the BSR BEFORE the building is occupied.

Answer 77

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. To ensure financial reporting is transparent and consistent.

Answer 78

Contractor can claim for Extension of time Examples Variations Adverse Weather National strikes

Answer 79

Contractor can claim for loss and expense Not giving possession of site on agreed date Not giving access to and from site Delays in instructions

Answer 80

Non Completion Certificate

Answer 81

Vision - what you hope to achieve Mission statement - what you’re currently doing

Answer 82

A term that describes the associations we hold, outside our conscious awareness and control

Answer 83

D&B - Change SBC - Variation

Answer 84

Procurement - Act of obtaining goods/services Tendering - strategy to obtain price , bidding process/how contractor is appointed

Answer 85

Collaterally can be customised to clients needs Whereas third party more to do with step in rights

Answer 86

Defects period 1 year , allows for latent defects and the building is affecting by all weather conditions

Answer 87

Confirm upfront with design team before works undertaken

Answer 88

Regular catch up with contractor Soft market testing

Answer 89

Work collaboratively, market tested suppliers was given to the contractor

Answer 90

Written into the contract Example funder is able to step into the contractor if contractor goes insolvent Collateral warranty - creates a contractual link between two parties separate document outside of contract

Answer 91

Market tested showed Fit out around £60-£90 per sqft NES was at £81 Bespoke furniture example full height bookshelves/Lockers

Answer 92

Change in kitchen range line Symphony Supplier Symphony agreed there would be no cost implications by changing the range Had written confirmation from Symphony that it was a NIL cost Updated finishes schedule for appliances to the kitchen - Had to review costs allowed within CSA then market test new appliances specified in the contract the information was limited for example cooker hood but it did not specify or reference a certain product

Answer 93

Third party - allows third party to enforce terms of a contract (built into the contract governed by right to third party act eg funder Collateral warranty - Extends contractual link to third party, client can claim works against sub contractor if undertaken negligently typically used to protect the client if contractor goes insolvent separate document

Answer 94

Transfer of benefits within the contract Client can assign rights to have works constructed but cannot assign obligation to pay for the works Contractor can assign the rights to payment but cannot assign obligations of constructing the works

Answer 95

Traditional - Client (Design) Contractor (Cost/Programme) D&B - Contractor Design, cost and programme Management Contracting - Client (Cost and Risk) Contractor (Programme) Construction Management - Client Design, cost and programme

Answer 96

Items which were not included within cost plan such as Performance bond S278 Works Design Fees

Answer 97

Proportionality: The regulation should be proportionate to the risks and benefits involved, and should not impose unnecessary burdens on the profession or the public. Accountability: The regulation should be accountable to the stakeholders, including the profession, the public, the government and the RICS Governing Council. Consistency: The regulation should be consistent across different regions, sectors and disciplines, and should be aligned with international standards and best practices. Targeting: The regulation should be targeted at the areas where it is most needed and most effective, and should avoid duplication or overlap with other regulators or bodies. Transparency: The regulation should be transparent and clear to the profession and the public, and should involve consultation and communication with the relevant parties.

Answer 98

Inflated cost plan as per TPI to tender return date Allowed for construction inflation (tender return date to mid point of construction) Didn't have time to re-mark test and engage with suppliers

Answer 99

Primarily targeted costs that was over budget We did review some packages which were under to see if we can generate more value

Answer 100

EA issues me details of the change I assess the costs then it is issued for client for review If there satisfied it would be instructed and negotiated with the contractor I would review contractors cost see if it is fair and reasonable

Answer 101

As provisional sums are replaced by valuations of the work actually done as the project progresses, the contract sum may increase or decrease

Answer 102

Clients may find it hard to prepare a sufficiently comprehensive brief The client has to commit to a concept design early Variations from the original brief are difficult to arrange and are often expensive It is harder to compare tenders and harder to determine whether VfM is being achieved Quality of Design - requires novation of architect/engineer to mitigate

Answer 103

Mutually agreed cost plan between QS and Contractor to budget trade packages against and a timeline of agreement packages 3 quotes for each trade The level of cost certainty at each interval reported to the Client plus risk and inflation plus agreed Prelims and OH&P from 1st Stage Contractors try and sneak in additional trade package prelims like material distribution and handling

Answer 104

Design & Build – Alternative A (Stage Payments) or B (Period Payments) will apply, as stated in the Contract Particulars (if not stated then B will apply) A - Stage payments (upon completion of a stage) B - Period payments (monthly valuations)

Answer 105

Traditional Lump Sum (with or without quants) Measurement (approximate quants) Cost Reimbursement (Prime cost) Design & Build Packages deal / Turnkey solution Traditional D&B CDP

Answer 106

Assignment = Occurs when a party transfers contractual benefits Assignment = The developer can assign their rights to the first purchaser of the building to claim against the contractor for breach of contract if defects appear Novation = Happens when an employer wishes to pass over obligations to another party (contract between A & B, A cannot simply decide to be replaced by C) Novation = The contract is typically replaced with a new one, all three parties must agree to it Example Client novate design team to contractor

Answer 107

Client impacting the progress of works Results in a contractor claim for loss and expense

Answer 108

Third Party Rights = Third parties rights comes in to force under the ‘Contract (Rights of thirds parties) Act 1999 Third Party Rights = Allows one party entering into a contract with another party to contract on behalf of a third party to enforce a term of a contract, not the whole contract itself Third Party Rights = For example, if a building contract contains a term that the contractor is required to use materials of good quality, then that term might be the subject of a third party enforcement right, subject to the other requirements for the existence of the right being met Collateral Warranty = A collateral warranty is a contract which is ancillary or 'collateral' to a principal contract, such as a building contract, a subcontract or a consultant appointment Collateral Warranty = It is entered into between the person employed under the principal contract (e.g. a contractor) and a third party (known as the 'beneficiary') having or acquiring an interest in the development, such as a funder, a purchaser, a tenant or a management company Collateral Warranty = The person employed under the principal contract ('the Warrantor') generally warrants to the third party that it has complied with its obligations under the principal contract

Answer 109

The Pre tender estimate allowed for inflation to the point of tender return However due to Ukraine war this caused spiked in key packages Such as steel surge by 20-30%

Answer 110

Performance bond 10% of contract sum Retention bond Parent company Guarantee

Answer 111

Option A – allows for adjustments to the contract sum in respect of changes to tax, levies and contributions which the contractor is required to pay. That would cover a change in tax payable on imported goods for example. Option B – allows for adjustments to the contract sum in respect of changes to the price of labour and material cost. It covers adjustments to the market prices of materials, goods, fuel, gas (and more) which were current at the Base Date. Option C – is a formula led adjustment to the contract sum. In this instance, the JCT Formula Rules issued by the Joint Contracts Tribunal will apply depending on the type of work being carried out (and there are a vast range of formulas).

Answer 112

Share Transfer Avoidance Reduction Retain

Answer 113

Ageism Disability Gender Reassignment Marriage and Civil Partnership Pregnancy and Maternity Race Religion or Belief Sex Sexual Orientation

Answer 114

The Data Protection Act 2018 is the UK's implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). GDPR regulated EU and we have left the EU

Answer 115

When agreeing variations we sometimes have disagreements with the contractor over the value of the works, I would rely on the valuation rules that are clear within the contract I would always try and meet face to face, as information can be misinterpreted over email and negotiation is difficult It can lead to unnecessary delays and cost on a project

Answer 116

The amendments seek to provide increased certainty regarding construction payments and to provide a fairer payment regime, improve rights for contractors to suspend works in non-payment circumstances and make adjudication more accessible for the resolution of disputes

Answer 117

Promote quality standards and solutions

Answer 118

SBC 1m above Intermediate up to 1million Minor works up to 250k

Answer 119

LCC focuses on the costs associated with constructing and operating the building WLC takes a broader view, considering all costs and benefits associated with the overall development