General

Question 0

What is necrosis? Give 4 types and descriptions

Answer 0

Dead tissue
Gangrene (discoloured)
Coagulative (discoloured)
Liquifactive (turns into mush)
Caseous (granulomas are amorphous)

Question 1

What stain is needed to see mycobacterium?

Answer 1

Ziehl-Nielsen stain

Stains mycobacterium red

Question 2

What is oncosis?

Answer 2

Cell death associated with rupture of cell membranes

Always pathological, inflam occurs

Question 3

What is apoptosis?

Answer 3

Programmed cell death (requires ATP) cell breaks down into smaller apoptotic bodies

Question 4

What is apoptosis initiated by?

Answer 4

Caspases

Question 5

Give 6 causes of cell injury

Answer 5

Lack of O2 (hypoxia)
Trauma
Drugs
Microorganisms
Radiation
Toxins

Question 6

What is the commonest cause of hypoxia?

Answer 6

Ischaemia (when only one artery supplies an organ and it becomes blocked)

Question 7

Necrosis due to ischaemia is

Answer 7

An infarction

Question 8

Give 3 situations where apoptosis is normal

Answer 8

Menstrual cycle, fetal development, lymphocytes that recognise self as foreign

Question 9

What is autolysis?

Answer 9

Death of a cell either after death of the organism or removal from the organism

Question 10

What is a granuloma?

Answer 10

A mass of epithelioid macrophages and lymphocytes aggregated together
Occurs when cause of inflammation is hard to digest (mycobacterium, parasites etc)

Question 11

What is a giant cell?

Answer 11

When macrophages fuse together when trying to ingest the same thing

Question 12

What is it called when a giant cell has a wreath of nuclei around the periphery

Answer 12

Langhans giant cell

Question 13

What are cytokines?

Answer 13

Inflammatory mediators produced at site of inflammation when needed

Question 14

Which main cytokines stimulate fibroblasts, increase coagulation and act as endothelial adhesion molecules?

Answer 14

TNF-a and IL-1

Question 15

Which cytokine just gives systemic effects?

Answer 15

IL-6

Question 16

What does Il-10 do?

Answer 16

Inhibits cytokine secretion, reduces antigen presentation

Question 17

Which inflam cells look pink, purple and blue?

Answer 17

Eosinophils- pink
Neutrophils- purple
Basophils-blue

Question 18

What is a scar?

Answer 18

Dense fibrous tissue (fibrosis)

Question 19

What can fibrosis lead to?

Answer 19

Stricture (abnormal narrowing of duct/passage

Question 20

What process does dead tissue turn into granulation tissue?

Answer 20

Organisation

Question 21

Why does granulation tissue involve?

Answer 21

Red granular surface

Inflam cells, fibroblasts and myofibriblasts and epithelial cells

Question 22

How does granulation tissue turn into a scar?

Answer 22

Maturation

Question 23

Where does liquefactive necrosis occur?

Answer 23

In CNS

Question 24

5 symptoms of prostate hyperplasia

Answer 24

``` Poor stream Hesitancy of flow Dribble Decreased bladder emptying Increased freq (esp at night) ```

Question 25

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 25

Tissue enlargement as a response to increased work (enlargement of size of cells)

Question 26

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 26

Enlargement of a tissue due to an increased number of cells

Question 27

Atrophy is

Answer 27

The reduction in mass of a tissue due to reduction in cell size or cell number or both. from normal to below normal size

Question 28

Hypoplasia

Answer 28

Failure to develop to normal size

Question 29

Define metaplasia

Answer 29

Change of one mature adult tissue type into another (always pathological) Adaption to environment

Question 30

5 causes of atrophy

Answer 30

``` Loss of endocrine stimulation Disuse Diminished blood supply Loss of nerve supply Pressure ```

Question 31

Define ectopia

Answer 31

Presence of a differentiated tissue in an abnormal location as a result f a defect in embryogenesis

Question 32

Fever is -

Answer 32

Thermoregulation disrupted by cytokines, hypothalamus set point is increased

Question 33

What proportion of people in UK have one copy of the mutated gene for cystic fibrosis?

Answer 33

1/22

Question 34

Define neoplasm

Answer 34

Mass of abnormal tissue | Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue

Question 35

Malignant means

Answer 35

A mass that invades adjacent tissues and can make new, separate tumours (cancer)

Question 36

What is a metastasis?

Answer 36

A separate lesion from the tumour (a secondary neoplasm)

Question 37

Define benign neoplasm

Answer 37

Unable to spread to adjacent tissues, confined to organ of origin, can still cause disease through - abnormal secretion of hormones - atrophy of adjacent tissues - compression of adjacent structures

Question 38

What is cachexia?

Answer 38

Extreme wasting of muscles and far due to cancer

Question 39

Aetiology is

Answer 39

The underlying cause of disease (eg tobacco smoke with lung cancer)

Question 40

Pathogenesis is-

Answer 40

The mechanism by which the aetiology interacts with the cells and organs of the body to produce disease

Question 41

Define idiopathic

Answer 41

Unknown cause

Question 42

Congenital means

Answer 42

You are born with the disease (inherited or due to environmental factors before birth) May manifest itself later in life but still congenital

Question 43

What are the three suffixes used to name tumours

Answer 43

OMA- benign tumour CARCINOMA- malignant epithelial cancer SARCOMA- malignant non-epithelial tumour (CT&bone)

Question 44

Define inflammation

Answer 44

The coordinated response by vascularised tissue to injury or the presence of micro-organisms

Question 45

What is exudation?

Answer 45

Blood plasma passing out of blood stream in the extra vascular space through gaps between endothelial cells Occurs in inflammation

Question 46

Give an example of an adhesion molecule

Answer 46

Selectin

Question 47

What substances have a chemoattractive effect on wbcs?

Answer 47

Cytokines and complements

Question 48

What are the first cells to enter tissues during inflammation?

Answer 48

Neutrophils

Question 49

What defines acute inflammation?

Answer 49

Time frame of a week or less | Presence of neutrophils but not other inflam cells in tissue

Question 50

Where to white blood cells adhere to?

Answer 50

Venular endothelium

Question 51

Name 2 opsonins

Answer 51

C-reactive protein | C3b complement

Question 52

What increases vascular permeability?

Answer 52

Histamine and prostaglandins

Question 53

What are acute phase proteins and where are they produced?

Answer 53

Proteins that are helpful in defence | Produced by the liver

Question 54

Name 4 types of acute phase proteins

Answer 54

Complements, coagulation proteins, C-reactive protein, protease inhibitors

Question 55

What is caseous necrosis characteristic of?

Answer 55

Mycobacterium infection

Question 56

Why is gangrene dangerous?

Answer 56

It can spread and makes tissues very weak (can rupture)

Question 57

How do cells die via oncosis?

Answer 57

Rupture of lysosomes membranes which hydrolyse cell components

Question 58

Why do oncotic cells expand?

Answer 58

Lots of smaller pieces in cell increases oncotic pressure

Question 59

How are apoptotic bodies broken down?

Answer 59

They have phosphatidylserine on their membranes so many cells can phagocytose and digest them

Question 60

By is apoptosis advantageous over oncosis?

Answer 60

No inflammatory response so no tissue damage | Cell parts are rapidly recycled

Question 61

What do nacroophages do that neutrophils don't?

Answer 61

Digest dead tissue and foreign matter

Question 62

What is diapedesis?

Answer 62

Passive escape of red blood cells through damaged endothelium