General Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Krackow Maneuver
A
Pulling skin before applying the tourniquet
2
Q
Bruner’s rules
A
Safe practices of tourniquet application
3
Q
Braithwaite and Klenerman modification
A
Modification of Bruner’s rules for safe application of tourniquet
4
Q
Runner’s knee
A
ITB syndrome
5
Q
Ober’s test
A
For ITB tightness
6
Q
Noble’s test
A
Provocative test for ITB.
Supine -> pressure of Lateral Femoral Condyle -> flex knee
7
Q
Renne’s test
A
Provocative test for ITB.
Standing -> pressure of Lateral Femoral Condyle -> flex knee by bending down
8
Q
Yount’s procedure
A
ITB suprapatellar excision
9
Q
Sharrard procedure
A
Iliopsoas transfer to GT in ITB contracture and gluteal paralysis
10
Q
Soutter’s release
A
TFL slide in ITB contracture
11
Q
Egger’s release
A
Hamstring lengthening and transfer in ITB contracture
12
Q
Splendore Hoeplii reaction
A
In Madura mycosis
Homogenous eosinophilic material coating the grains in colonies on MacConkey agar
13
Q
Melting Snow appearance
A
Xray appearance of Madura Mycosis
14
Q
Dot in circle sign
A
CT scan appearance of madura myscosis
15
Q
Welsh regimen
A
Amikacin + Cotrimoxazole
For Madura Mycosis
16
Q
Palit 2-step regimen
A
IP – Amikacin + Cotrimoxazole (4 weeks)
MP – Cotrimoxazole + Doxycycline (8 months)
For Madura Mycosis
17
Q
Ramam 2-step regimen
A
IP – Penicillin + Gentamicin + Cotrimoxazole (7 weeks)
MP – Amoxicillin + Cotrimoxazole (5 months)
For Madura Mycosis
18
Q
Moth- Eaten appearance
A
Xray osteolytic lesions of bone mets
19
Q
Ficall method
A
BMAC preparation
20
Q
Ossification groove of Ranvier
A
Contributes chondrocytes for growth in diameter of physis
21
Q
Urist Triphasic Hypothesis
A
For bone Mineralization
Soluble calcium protein -> Soluble calcium phosphate -> metastable supersaturated state
22
Q
Glimcher hypothesis
A
Stereochemical disposition of collagen during mineralization
23
Q
Wolff’s law
A
Every change in form and function of bones is followed by changes in the internal architecture and external confirmation
24
Q
Frost stages
A
Stages of fracture repair
(hematoma, granulation tissue, callus, remodelling, modelling)
25
Hueter-Volkman law
Excess compression leads to tissue atrophy and inhibits physeal growth,
Moderate distraction enhances osteogenesis.
Seen in congenital scoliosis and Blount’s disease.
26
Carter and Blenman theory
Type of bone healing depends on vascular supply and Strain
27
Riggs and Melton classification
Primary (Post-Menopausal) and Secondary (Senile) Osteoporosis
28
Curtiss and Kincaid Neurogenic Compression Theory
Vascular/ Venous obstruction and local hyperemia in transient osteoporosis
29
Albers-Schonberg disease
Osteopetrosis, Marble bone disease
30
Umbau Zones
Looser’s zones in Rickets
31
Stoss therapy
3-6 lakh I.U. Vitamin D over 1 day
32
Pebble Ivory skin lesions
Whitish skin lesions in Hunter Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidoses type 2)
33
Peltola and Vahvanen criteria
For Acute Osteomyelitis
1. Purulent material on aspiration of bone
2. Positive findings of bone tissue or blood culture
3. Localised classic physical findings
a. Bony tenderness
b. Overlying soft tissue erythema, edema
4. Positive radiological findings
34
Morrey and Peterson criteria
For acute osteomyelitis likelihood
A. Major –
1. Pus aspirated from the joint
2. Marked elevation of ESR
3. Specific radiographic changes of involved site
B. Minor –
1. Fever greater than 38.3 C
2. Pain (localized to the joint) made worse by gentle passive motion
3. Swelling of the involved joint
4. Systemic symptoms of lethargy, malaise, irritability.
5. No other demonstrable pathology
6. Satisfactory response to antibiotic therapy
35
Gledhill classification
For subacute osteomyelitis classification
1. Solitary localized zone of radiolucency surrounded by reactive new bone formation
2. Metaphyseal radiolucencies with cortical erosion
3. Cortical hyperostosis in diaphysis; No onion skin reaction
4. Subperiosteal new bone and onion skin layering
5. Epiphyseal
6. Crosses physis to cover both Epiphysis and Metaphysis
36
Robert Classification
For subacute classification
Aka Denhill classification
37
Serpentine lesion of Letts
In subacute osteomyelitis,
Communicating metaphyseo-diaphyseal lesion.
38
Lew and Waldvogel classification
Osteomyelitis
1. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
2. Contiguous Osteomyelitis
a. Accompanied by systemic vascular disease
b. Not accompanied by systemic vascular disease
3. Chronic Osteomyelitis
39
Cierny and Mader classication
Osteomyleitis
1. Medullary
2. Superficial
3. Localised
4. Diffuse
40
Wilenski classification
Site of osteomyelitis depends on site of occlusion of blood vessel by septic embolus
41
Hobo’s hypothesis
Poor phagocytic activity at diaphysis in chronic osteomyelitis
42
Starr from Toronto theory
Metaphyseal abscess in osteomyelitis
43
Trueta hypothesis
Correlation of pathology and clinical features in osteomyelitis
44
Walenkamp phenomenon
In Chronic Osteomyelitis,
Pain gradually increases over time and suddenly relaxes with opening up of sinus and pus discharge
45
Nade’s Principles
For treatment of acute osteomyelitis
1. Antibiotic is effective before the pus forms
2. Antibiotic cannot sterilize avascular tissue
3. Antibiotic prevents reformation of pus once removed
4. Pus removal restores periosteum and blood flow
5. Antibiotic should be continued after after surgery
46
Tunis protocol
Treatment of osteomyelitis based on ultrasound
47
Klemm’s triad
For salvageable limb
Virulence of organism, condition of soft tissue envelop, vitality of bone
48
Weber and Lautenbach method
For closed cavity
Double lumen tube for irrigation and antibiotic delivery in osteomyelitis
49
Rhinelander and Papineau technique
Open bone grafting of vascularized bone bed defect
50
Wagner fixator
Monorail
51
Huntington’s procedure
Tibialization of fibula
52
Target sign
Brodie’s abscess
53
Penumbra sign
Brodie’s abscess
54
Honeycombed appearance
Radiology of actinomycosis
55
Godfrey disease
Maduramycosis
Aka Syre’s disease
56
Skip metastasis
Tumour that breaks through pseudocapsule but remains in the compartment
57
Satellite nodules
Form within the pseudocapsule separated from main mass by intervening normal tissue of pseudocapsule.
58
Lodwick classification
For lytic lesions
1. Geographic
2. Moth-eaten
3. Permeative
59
Corduroy appearance
Haemangioma of vertebral body
60
Fallen fragment sign
Simple bone cyst
61
Cockade sign
Intraosseous lipoma in calcaneus
62
Huvos system
Chemotherapy therapeutic response
63
Bragg peak
Improve radiobiological effect by sparing normal tissue
64
Spot-scanning
Allowing use of more intense radiation without increasing the toxicity to patient
65
IMRT
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy
Refinement of 3D-CRT with specified dose-volume constraint
66
Hematinic cyst
Aneurysmal bone cyst
67
Capanna classification
Aneurysmal bone cyst
1. Central
2. Central affecting the entire bone diameter
3. Eccentric
4. Subperiosteal
5. Subperiosteal extending to soft parts
68
Gardener’s syndrome
Multiple Osteomas
69
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
TP53 mutation,
a/w Osteosarcomas
70
Rothmund- Thomsun Syndrome
Poikiloderma a/w osteosarcoma
71
Bloom Syndrome
DNA helicase mutation a/w Osteosarcoma
72
Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
a/w Osteosarcoma
73
Phenomenon of “Normalization”
Osteoblasts becoming smaller and less pleomorphic as they get incorporated into osteoid in osteosarcoma
74
Filigreed pattern
Thin, highly mineralised pattern suggestive of neoplastic osteoid in osteosarcoma
75
Basketweave pattern
Tendency of Osteosarcoma to grow around vessels (angiocentric)
76
Nora’s lesion
Periosteal osteochondromatous proliferation
77
Ollier’s disease
Unilateral enchondromatous, PTH – related
78
Maffucci syndrome
Enchondromas a/w Haemangioma
79
Codman tumour
Chondroblastoma
80
Chicken-wire pattern
Pattern of calcium deposition in chondroblastoma
81
Flame shaped lesion
Lytic lesion in chondromyxoid fibroma, Paget’s disease
82
Bubbly transformation
Myxoid degeneration in chondrosarcoma
83
Mayo clinic and WHO grading
Histopathology, Chondrosarcoma
84
MD Anderson grading
Histopathology, Chondrosarcoma
85
Herring bone pattern
Histopathology, Chondrosarcoma
86
Campanacci grading
GCT
87
Collision tumour
Dedifferentiated GCT juxtaposition with high grade sarcoma
88
Jaffe – Campanacci syndrome
Non-ossifying fibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) associated with café-au-lait spots.
89
Kahler’s disease
Multiple Myeloma
90
Cartwheel pattern
Eccentric nuclei and characteristic peripherally clustered and chromatin in myeloma cell
91
Mott cell
Intracytoplasmic aggregation of immunoglobulins in myeloma cell
92
Russell body
Extracellular globule of polymerized immunoglobulin in myeloma cell
93
International Myeloma Working Group
Staging of myeloma
94
Askin tumour
Ewing’s sarcoma of chest wall
95
Jaffe-Lichenstein syndrome
Fibrous dysplasia
96
Shepherd-Crook deformity
Fibrous dysplasia affecting proximal femur
97
Campanacci disease
Osteofibrous dysplasia
98
Physaliferous cells
Vacuolated cytoplasm in chordoma
99
Weibel-Palade bodies
In endothelial cell of skeletal angiomatosis
100
Gorham syndrome
Massive osteolysis
101
Heffez criteria
Gorham syndrome (massive osteolysis)
1. Positive biopsy for angiomatous tissue
2. Absence of cellular atypia
3. Minimal or no osteoclastic response and absence of dystrophic calcifications
4. Evidence of local bone progressive resorption
5. Non-expansive lesion
6. Absence of visceral involvement
7. Osteolytic radiographic pattern
8. Negative hereditary, metabolic, neoplastic, immune or infectious etiology.
102
Sucked Candy appearance
X-ray appearance in massive osteolysis
103
Deer antler pattern
Branching of vessels in hemangiopericytoma
104
Tokuhashi score
Prognostic score in spinal mets
105
Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini staging
Anatomical classification of spinal tumours
106
Checkerboard pattern
Proliferative Proliferative myositis growing between muscle fibres
107
Ledderhose disease
Plantar fibromatosis
108
Bednar tumour
Pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans
109
Schmidt and Hackenbroch classification
Heterotopic ossification
1. HO below tip of GT
2. HO below and above tip of GT
3. HO above tip of GT
a. <10 mm maximal extent
b. >10 mm without contact between femur and pelvis
c. Ankylosis between pelvis and femur
110
Munchmeyer’s disease
Myositis (fibrodysplasia) Ossificans progressiva
111
Chandler’s disease
AVN hip
112
Ahlback disease
Osteonecrosis of distal femur
113
Koshino and Aglietti Staging
Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of knee
1. Normal appearance
2. Radiolucent oval shadow medial femoral condyle with flattening
3. Collapse of subchondral bone with formation of calcified plate and a clear sclerotic halo.
4. Osteoarthritic changes
114
Stahl lunate index
Length:Diameter of lunate
Normal 0.5
115
Youm’s index
Carpal height: Length of 3rd metacarpal
Normal 0.5
116
Bouman’s index
Capitate height: Carpal height
Normal 0.6
117
Stahl-Lichtman classification
Kienbock’s disease
1. Normal radiograph
2. Lunate sclerosis without collapse
3. Lunate fragmentation and collapse
a. Without carpal collapse
b. With carpal collapse
4. Degenerative changes
118
Saffar technique
Lunate is replaced by pisiform
119
Preiser’s disease
AVN of scaphoid
120
Herbert and Lanzetta classification
Preiser’s disease
1. Normal radiograph
2. Increased density of proximal pole of scaphoid
3. Fragmentation of proximal pole of scaphoid
4. Carpal collapse with osteoarthritis
121
Monde-Felix disease
Osteochondrosis of lesser trochanter
122
Froelich disease
Osteochondrosis of elbow medial condyle
123
Iselin disease
Osteochondrosis of 5th metatarsal
124
Panner disease
Osteochondrosis of capitellum
125
Freiberg’s disease
Osteochondrosis of 2nd metatarsal
126
Sinding-Larsen-Johannson disease
Patella osteochondrosis
Jumper’s knee
127
Sever disease
Calcaneal apophysitis
128
Scheuerman’s disease
Osteochondrosis of vertebral epiphysis
129
Kohler disease
Navicular Osteochondrosis
130
Eichenholtz staging
Charcot’s joint
131
Yochum and Rowe’s criteria
Charcot’s joints 6D’s
1. Dense bones
2. Degeneration
3. Destruction of articular cartilage
4. Deformity (pencil-point deformity of metatarsal heads)
5. Debris (loose bodies)
6. Dislocation
132
Hunka classification
Hip arthritis septic in infants
1. Minimal femoral head changes
2. Femoral head deformity
a. With normal growth plate
b. With growth arrest
3. Pseudoarthrosis of femoral neck
133
Harmon procedure
Neck reconstruction post septic arthritis in infants
134
Poncet’s disease
Reactive arthritis in TB
135
Babcock triangle
Initial lesion in TB hip
