General

Question 0

What is the prevalence of bipolar?

Answer 0

0.4-1.6% lifetime prevalence rate

Question 1

What are the two types of depression and mania bipolar?

Answer 1

Mania (bipolar I) abnormal

Hypomania (bipolar II) normal

Question 2

What is the neurochemistry of bipolar?

Answer 2

Increased levels of norepinephrine during mania but low during depression

Question 3

What Is the most effective treatment?

Answer 3

Lithium carbonate

Question 4

What are susceptibility genes?

Answer 4

DTNBP1
NGR1
COMT

Question 5

What are neuroanatomical changes in schizophrenia?

Answer 5

Enlarged ventricles and decrease in grey matter

Question 6

What are common themes on Mental disorders?

Answer 6

Individual vulnerability
Dimensional vs. categorical
And: biological, cognitive, emotional, behavioural and social aspects

Question 7

What is psychoanalytic approach

Answer 7

Unconscious processes determine behaviour

Question 8

What is a defensive mechanism?

Answer 8

A tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety

Question 9

What is the ego?

Answer 9

Mediates demands of Id, superego and reality

Question 10

What is Id?

Answer 10

Personality component of personality that satisfies basic urges

Question 11

What is Superego?

Answer 11

Personality component of internalised ideals acquired from parents and society to suppress urges of Id

Question 12

What is stress?

Answer 12

The wear and tear of everyday life

Question 13

What are the three stages of chronic stress?

Answer 13

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

Question 14

What is the physiology of stress?

Answer 14

Fight or flight, HPA releases cortisol which can lead to immunosuppression

Question 15

How can stress be measured?

Answer 15

Holmes & Rahe (SRRS)

Tenner & Macklin (College Life Inventory)

Question 16

What are examples of risk factors?

Answer 16

External locus of control
Competitiveness
Neuroticism

Question 17

What are examples of protective factors?

Answer 17

Conscientiousness
Internal locus of control
Agreeableness

Question 18

What are the four categories or PTSD symptoms?

Answer 18

Intrusive
Avoidance
Negative changes in cognition & mood
Increased arousal & reactivity

Question 19

What is mental defeat?

Answer 19

Individual vulnerability is increased in those who see themselves as a victim, causing loss of individual autonomy

Question 20

What are verbally accessible memories?

Answer 20

Memories can be deliberately retrieved, consciously professed at the time or trauma

Question 21

What are situationally accessible memories?

Answer 21

Difficult to explain and triggered involuntarily by sights, sounds and touch

Question 22

What is anxiety?

Answer 22

Ubiquitous, functional and normal emotional state that everyone experiences

Question 23

What are some symptoms of GAD?

Answer 23

Over awareness of autonomic activity, fearful anticipation

Question 24

What is panic disorder?

Answer 24

Recurrent experiences of short sudden 'inexplicable' and overwhelming apprehension can be 'cued' or 'uncued'

Question 25

What is a social phobia?

Answer 25

Fear of situations which could cause embarrassment

Question 26

What is agoraphobia?

Answer 26

Fear of experiencing panic in public places

Question 27

What is the biomedical model explanation of anxiety disorders?

Answer 27

Reduced GABA produces anxiety

Question 28

What is the behavioural view of anxiety?

Answer 28

Anxiety is learned and conditioned from classical conditioning, operant conditioning and modelling and language processes

Question 29

What is the cognitive behavioural model?

Answer 29

Problem behaviour and emotions are caused by problem thinking

Question 30

What is public stigma?

Answer 30

Prejudice and discrimination in the general population measured by social distance scales

Question 31

What is self stigma?

Answer 31

Harm of during as a result of internalisation of prejudice measures by social withdrawal

Question 32

What effects stigma?

Answer 32

Causal belief model Familiarity Socioeconomic status Culture

Question 33

What is DSM-III?

Answer 33

A criteria based diagnostic system, which is atheorerical and multi axial

Question 34

What is a common criticism of DSM-III?

Answer 34

Limited scientific evidence

Question 35

How was reliability and construct validity measured in DSM-IV-TR?

Answer 35

Through systematic reviews and primary clinical research on new diagnostic measures

Question 36

DSM-IV-TR lead to major changes in what disorder?

Answer 36

Autism ADHD Adult bipolar Paraphilia's

Question 37

What are some of the criticisms of DSM5?

Answer 37

Labelling patients Loss of information Validity of constructs

Question 38

What are the main positive changes of the DSM5?

Answer 38

Axial coding eliminated Mental retardation renamed Autistic disorder replaced Schizophrenia subtypes eliminated

Question 39

What are examples of new diagnostic categories?

Answer 39

Binge eating disorders OCD isolated Hoarding disorder Excoriation disorder

Question 40

What is mental health?

Answer 40

A state of wellbeing in which every individual realises his or her own potential can cope with the normal stresses of life

Question 41

What is the psychometric approach?

Answer 41

Psychological measurements are taken when they deviate from the norm

Question 42

What is the difference approach?

Answer 42

Behaviour that is out of character for an individual

Question 43

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 43

Classification of deviance depends on the social group and culture you are in

Question 44

What is mental health disorder?

Answer 44

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

Question 45

What are 4 historical perceptions of mental disorder?

Answer 45

The supernatural perspective The biological perspective The psychological perspective The integrative approach

Question 46

What century was the supernatural perspective?

Answer 46

13th/14th Century

Question 47

When did astrology as a cause of MHD emerge?

Answer 47

16th century effect of moon and stars in physiological functioning

Question 48

Who was Hippocrates?

Answer 48

Father or modern medicine - psychological disorders can be treated like physical disorders

Question 49

When www the beginning of classification?

Answer 49

Emil Kraeplin German psychiatrist who made records of patients symptoms in the asylum

Question 50

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 50

Oral anal phallic latency genital

Question 51

What is the integrative approach?

Answer 51

Biological Psychological Social aspects to MHD

Question 52

What is a diagnosis?

Answer 52

Identifying a disorder by means of its signs and symptoms

Question 53

How do we diagnose?

Answer 53

Using a clinical interview to assess symptoms

Question 54

Who developed the concept of psychiatric syndromes?

Answer 54

Emil Kraeplin

Question 55

Who indicated the antipsychiatry movement?

Answer 55

RD Laing

Question 56

High comorbidity means what?

Answer 56

It is the norm rather than exception (over diagnosis)

Question 57

What is a Type 1 error?

Answer 57

Rejecting null hypothesis when true (False positive). Crying wolf when no wolf is present

Question 58

What is a type 2 error?

Answer 58

Rejecting alternative hypothesis when true. (False negative) doing nothing when wolf is present