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general Flashcards

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1
Q

at base of limbs, ant-post patterning, CNS development?

A

sonic hedgehog

** mutation –> holoprosencephaly

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2
Q

at apical ectodermal ridge, dorsal-ventral patterning?

A

wnt-7

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3
Q

at apical ectodermal ridge, mesoderm mitosis, limb lengthening?

A

FGF

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4
Q

segmental patterning, cranio-caudal, transcription factors?

A

Hox

** mutation –> appendages in wrong locations

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5
Q

when does hCG secretion and blastocyst implantation happen?

A

day 6 (or w/in week 1)

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6
Q

when is the embryo a bilaminar disk?

A

within week 2

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7
Q

when is the embryo a trilaminar disk?

A

within week 3

** gastrulation makes bilaminar –> trilaminar
formation of primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm, neural plate

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8
Q

when does neural tube close?

A

week 4

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9
Q

when is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens?

A

weeks 3-8: when organogenesis is happening

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10
Q

when does the heart begin to beat?

A

week 4

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11
Q

when do the limb buds begin to form?

A

week 4

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12
Q

when can you see the heart on TVUS?

A

week 6

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13
Q

when do the genitalia have M/F characteristics?

A

week 10

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14
Q

what are derivatives of the surface ectoderm?

A 
epidermis
adenohypophysis (from Rathke's pouch)
lens
epithelial linings (oral, ear, olfactory)
episdermis
anal canal below pectinate line
parotid/sweat/mammary glands
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15
Q

what are derivatives of the neuroectoderm?

A

CNS: CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependyma, pineal gland
retina
optic nerve
spinal cord

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16
Q

what are derivates of the neural crest?

A 
PNS: dorsal root ganglion, cranial nn, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, ANS
melanocytes
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
parafollicular cells
pia and arachnoid
skull bones
odontoblasts
aorticopulmonary septum
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17
Q

what are derivatives of the mesoderm?

A 
mm
bone 
connective tissue
serous linings of body cavities
spleen
kidneys
blood
wall of gut tube
etc
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18
Q

what does the notochord do?

A

mesodermal
induces ectoderm –> neuroectoderm (neural plate)
becomes nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

what are derivatives of the endoderm?

A

gut tube epithelium
anal canal above pectinate line
most of urethra
luminal epithelial derivatives - lungs, liver, GB, pancreas, eustachian tube, etc

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20
Q

what is a craniopharyngioma?

A

benign Rathke’s pouch tumor (surface ectoderm)
cholesterol crystals
calcifications

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21
Q

VACTERL?

A 
mesodermal defects
vertebra
anal atresia
cardiac
tracheo-esophageal
renal
limb (bone and mm)
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22
Q

what is the difference bw agenesis and aplasia?

A

agenesis: primordial tissue absent
aplasia: primordial tissue present, but organ absent

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23
Q

what is the difference bw deformation and malformation?

A

deformation: extrinsic disruption
malformation: intrinsic disruption - happens during embryonic period

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24
Q

what is disruption?

A

secondary breakdown of normal tissue/structure

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25
teratogenic effects - ACEis?
renal damage
26
teratogenic effects - alkylating agents?
absence of digits | multiple anomalies
27
teratogenic effects - aminoglycosides?
CN VIII toxicity
28
teratogenic effects - carbamazepine?
facial dysmorphism developmental delay NT defects phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia
29
teratogenic effects - DES?
vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma | congenital Mullerian anomalies
30
teratogenic effects - folate antagonists?
NT defects
31
teratogenic effects - isotretinoin?
ALL OF THE THINGS. don't get pregnant.
32
teratogenic effects - lithium?
Ebstein anomaly --> tricuspid into RV
33
teratogenic effects - methimazole?
aplasia cutis congenita
34
teratogenic effects - phenytoin?
fetal hydantoin syndrome: cleft palate, cardiac defects, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia
35
teratogenic effects - tetracyclines?
discolored teeh
36
teratogenic effects - thalidomide?
limb defects
37
teratogenic effects - VPA?
NT defects (via inhib of maternal folate absorption)
38
teratogenic effects - warfarin?
bone deformities fetal hemorrhage abortion ophth abnormalities ** heparin for anticoag in preggos
39
teratogenic effects - cocaine?
abnormal growth fetal addiction placental abruption
40
teratogenic effects - smoking?
low birth weight preterm labor placental probs ADHD ** nicotine --> vasoconstriction; CO --> low O2 delivery
41
teratogenic effects - iodine?
``` congenital goiter (deficiency) hypothyroidism (excess) ```
42
teratogenic effects - maternal diabetes?
caudal regression syndrome heart defects NT defects
43
teratogenic effects - vit A excess?
spontaneous abortions cleft palate cardiac defects
44
teratogenic effects - X rays?
microcephaly | intellectual disability
45
smooth philtrum, heart-lung fistula, holoprosencephaly, limb dislocation?
fetal alcohol syndrome ** failure of cell migration
46
cleavage after which point gives you monochorionic twins?
morula (in the 4-8 day range)
47
cleavage after which point gives you monoamniotic twins?
blastocyst (in the 8-12 day range)
48
cleavage after which point gives you conjoined twins?
formed embryonic disc (> 13 days)
49
which component of placenta makes cells?
cytotrophoblast - fetal component - inner layer of chorionic villi
50
which component of placenta makes hCG?
syncytiotrophoblast - fetal component - outer layer of chorionic villi - lacks MHCI - low immunogenicity for maternal system
51
what is the decidua basalis?
maternal component of placenta derived from endometrium maternal blood in lacunae
52
how many umbilical arteries are there?
2!
53
where do the umbilical arteries and veins come from?
allantois
54
urachal abnormalities?
- patent urachus: total failure to obliterate --> urine from umbilicus - urachal cyst: partial failure, fluid-filled cavity, can --> infection, adenocarcinoma - vesicourachal diverticulum: slight failure, bladder outpouching
55
vitelline duct abnormalities?
should obliterate in 7th week - vitelline fistula: fails to close --> meconium from umbilicus - Meckel: partial closure; true diverticulum, heterotopic gastric/pancreatic tissue, melena/hematochezia/abdominal pain
56
derivative of 1st aortic arch?
maxillary artery
57
derivative of 2nd aortic arch?
stapedial and hyoid aa
58
derivative of 3rd aortic arch?
common carotid and prox int carotid
59
derivative of 4th aortic arch?
L: aortic arch R: prox subclavian
60
derivative of 6th aortic arch?
prox pulm aa | ductus arteriosus
61
branchial cleft derivatives?
1st --> ext auditory meatus 2nd --> temporary cervical sinuses ** if sinuses persist, LATERAL neck mass
62
cartilage from 1st branchial arch?
Meckel: mandible, malleus, incus, spheno-mandibular ligament
63
mm from 1st branchial arch?
``` mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids) mylohyoid tensor tympani tensor veli palatini anterior digastric ```
64
nerves from 1st branchial arch?
CN V2 and V3
65
mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities?
Treacher Collins syndrome | 1st arch neural crest fails to migrate
66
cartilage from 2nd branchial arch?
Reichert: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament
67
mm from 2nd branchial arch?
``` facial expression stapedius stylohyoid platysma posterior digastric ```
68
nerves from 2nd branchial arch?
VII
69
fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck?
congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula | persistence of 2nd pharyngeal arch and pouch
70
cartilage from 3rd branchial arch?
greater horn of hyoid
71
mm from 3rd branchial arch?
stylopharyngeus
72
nerves from 3rd branchial arch?
CN IX
73
cartilage from 4th/6th branchial arches?
``` thyroid cricoid arytenoids corniculate cuneiform ```
74
mm from 4th branchial arch?
pharyngeal constrictors cricothyroid levator veli palatini
75
mm from 6th branchial arch?
intrinsic mm of larynx
76
nerves from 4th branchial arch?
CN X - superior branch
77
nerves from 6th branchial arch?
CN X - recurrent branch
78
derivatives of 1st branchial pouch?
middle ear cavity eustachian tube mastoid air cells
79
derivatives of 2nd branchial pouch?
epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
80
derivatives of 3rd branchial pouch?
dorsal wings --> inferior parathyroids | ventral wings --> thymus
81
derivatives of 4th branchial pouch?
dorsal wings --> superior parathyroids
82
branchial pouches involved in MEN2a?
parathyroid tumor: 3rd/4th | medullary thyroid ca (parafollicular cells): 4th/5th
83
failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes?
cleft lip | failure of 1ary palate formation
84
failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes or fusion of lateral palatine processes with nasal septum and/or median palatine process?
cleft palate | failure of 2ary palate formation

step 1 - embryo (7 decks)

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