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General Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the renal syndromes?

A
  1. Proteinuria
  2. Haematuria
  3. Renal pain and dysuria
  4. Oliguria and polyuria
  5. Acute renal failure
  6. Chronic renal failure
  7. Silent
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2
Q

Ddx of alkaline urine on urine dipstick? (high pH)

A
  1. RTA

2. UTI with urease-producing bacteria (Proteus)

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3
Q

Ddx of glucose in urine dipstick

A
  1. Hyperglycaemia
  2. Increased GFR (pregnancy)
  3. Proximal tubule dysfunction (falcon syndrome)
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4
Q

Ddx of ketones on urine dipstick

A
  1. Alcoholic ketoacidosis
  2. Diabetic ketoacidosis
  3. Prolonged starvation
  4. Fasting
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5
Q

Ddx of haemoglobin on urine dipstick

A
  1. Hemoglobinuria (haemolysis)
  2. Myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis
  3. True haematuria
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6
Q

Cause of dysmorphic RBCs and/or RBC cast on urine microscopy?

A
  1. Glomerular bleeding (e.g. GN)
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7
Q

Cause if isomorphic RBC’s and no casts on urine microscopy?

A
  1. Extra-glomerular bleeding e.g. bladder cancer
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8
Q

Differentials of leukocytes on urine microscopy

A
  1. Inflammation:
    - chronic urethritis,
    - prostatitis
    - interstitial nephritis
    - calculi
    - papillary necrosis
    - renal TB
    - viral infections
  2. Infection
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9
Q

Differentials of eosinophils on urine microscopy

A
  1. AIN

2. Atheroembolic disease

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10
Q

Differentials of hyaline casts on urine microscopy

A

Physiologic:

  1. Concentrated urine
  2. Fever
  3. Exercise
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11
Q

Differentials of RBC casts on urine microscopy

A

Glomerular bleeding:

  1. GN
  2. Vasculitis
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12
Q

Differentials for WBC casts on urine microscopy

A
  1. Infection (pyelonephritis)

1. Inflammation (interstitial nephritis

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13
Q

Differentials for pigmented granular casts on urine microscopy (heme, muddy brown)

A
  1. ATN

2. Acute GN

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14
Q

Differentials for fatty casts on urine microscopy

A
  1. Heavy proteinuria
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15
Q

Differentials for uric acid crystals on urine microscopy?

A
  1. Acid urine

1. Hyperuricosuria

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16
Q

Differentials for calcium phosphate crystals on urine microscopy?

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A
  1. Alkaline urine
17
Q

Differentials for calcium oxalate crystals on urine microscopy?

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A
  1. Hyperoixaluria

2. Ethylene glycol poisoning

Renal/urology (4 decks)

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