General

Question 1

Gram Positive Cell Wall has:_______________

Which aids____________ and is therefore a virulence factor

Answer 1

Lipoteichoic acid (LTC)

Which aids adherence to target cells

Question 2

Gram negative cells contain _______________ in the LPS, which is an ______________

Answer 2

Lipid A

Endotoxin

Question 3

Gram- negative cell walls have __________________which are not found on gram positives

Answer 3

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 4

LPS are found in Gram___________ membranes

The function is ________

Answer 4

Gram negative outer membranes

Function = structural integrity + evasion of chemical attacks

Question 5

LPS __________________ of the cell membrane, and helps stabilize the overall structure

Answer 5

Increases the negative charge

-requires association of divalent cations to stabilize change

Question 6

Gram (-) molecular domains are _________, __________, and _______.

Answer 6

Lipid A:

The core:

The O-antigen:

Question 7

What is Lipid A - what is it made up of

Answer 7

A phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide and fatty acids

Conserved component of the LPS

Question 8

What is the core (gram (-))

Answer 8

Attaches directly to Lipid A
KDO - sugar of the core
Mostly carbohydrate but can contain a.a.

Question 9

What is the O-antigen

Answer 9

• attached to core oligosaccharide
• outermost domain of LPS
• varies between strains
• target for host antibodies (BUT HIGHLY VARIABLE)

Question 10

Smooth vs. Rough LPS

Answer 10

Smooth = long o-antigen 
Rough= short o-antigen 

-rough LPS usually more sensitive to hydrophobic antibiotics
Eg. Kanamycin

Question 11

TLR 4 recognizes

Answer 11

LPS in Gram (-)

Question 12

TLR 6 recognizes

Answer 12

PG in Gram (+)
Lipotheichoic acid
Lipoproteins

Question 13

_______ and _________ affect Rab GTPase

Answer 13

TB and E.coli

Question 14

Effluent pumps

Answer 14

ABC superfamily 
MFS -major facilitation subfamily 
MATE-multidrug and toxic compounds extrusion fam
SMR-Small multi drug resistance
RND-resistant nodule superfamily

Question 15

Gyrase mutation resists?

Answer 15

Fluroquinolons

Question 16

Small ribosomal subunit mutation resists?

Answer 16

Streptomycin

Question 17

Example of covalent modification by bacteria of antibiotic

Answer 17

Acetyl tramsferases

Question 18

Example of degradation of antibiotics by bacteria

Answer 18

beta lactamases cleave and inactivate penicillin and derivatives

Question 19

3 types resistance sharing

• which needs similar sequence
• which needs most similar bacteria

Answer 19

Transformation -similar sequence, least related bacteria

Transduction-phage

Conjugation-most commonality btwn bacteria (same spp.)
No similar sequence needed

Question 20

MDR

Answer 20

Multi drug resistant

Question 21

XDR

Answer 21

Extensively drug resistant

Question 22

PDR

Answer 22

Pan drug resistance

Question 23

Narrow spec. Antibiotics

Answer 23

Arythromycin
Erythromycin
Vancomycin

Question 24

Broad spec. Antibiotics

Answer 24

Ampicillin

Amoxicillin

Question 25

P. aeruginosa when does it infect | What does it infect

Answer 25

- opportunistic pathogen - in immunology com. Patience - UTI and reps infection

Question 26

Defending resistance

Answer 26

- D-alanine mod in gram pos increase net charge - increase charge in LPS - produce peptides or associate and neutralize AMPS - Efflux pump AMPs/ or protyolitically degrade them - produce pos membrane associated proteins

Question 27

AMPs 5 main classes

Answer 27

``` Alpha-helictites. -in macrophage/lysosome Beta-sheet Mix alpha/beta Cyclic. -Kalata B2 Extended ```

Question 28

CT Lipid A mod

Answer 28

Diglycine added

Question 29

Yersina Lipid A modification

Answer 29

Hexa in humans

Question 30

Helictobacter pylori Lipid A mod

Answer 30

Phosphorylated ethanolamine C1 Dephosphorylated Two fewer lipid tails

Question 31

L. Monocytogene PG

Answer 31

- glucosamine instead of acetylglucosamine | - deacytlated by PgdA enzyme

Question 32

NOD2 -recognized

Answer 32

Gram - and + | MurNAc-L-Ala-D-gamma-Glu

Question 33

NOD 1 recognized

Answer 33

Gram - | iE-DAP

Question 34

TLR 4 recognizes

Answer 34

Gram -

Question 35

TLR 6 recognized

Answer 35

Gram +

Question 36

Gram pos PG has

Answer 36

pentaglyice

Question 37

Cros-linkage in PG occurs at

Answer 37

Lactic Acid residue in in NAM