General

Question 1

What proceesing do zymogens undergo to become mature peptides

Answer 1

removal of N or C terminal propeptides

Question 2

which part of trna binds to the amino acid

Answer 2

5’ CCA 3’ acceptor stem

Question 3

what does p 53 induce and what does it modulate

Answer 3

p21 which inhibits CDKs (inhibit G1 to s progression)

Question 4

Rb is what when phophorylated

Answer 4

inactive, it allows progression from G1 to S (remember the cop getting bribed)

Question 5

WHich cell types remain in G0

Answer 5

permenant cells, regenrate from stem cells; neurons skeletal and cardiac muscle and RBC

Question 6

Which cell type never goes to g0

Answer 6

labile- divide rapidly with short g1 and are most affected by chemotherapy
bone marrow, gut, skin, hair, germ cells

Question 7

Where is g0 phase

Answer 7

between m and S allternate path before g1

Question 8

What are nissel bodies

Answer 8

rer in neurons

Question 9

WHich cells are rich in RER

Answer 9

mucus secreting goblet cells of smal intestine and antibody scereting plasma cells

Question 10

Which type of proteins are mainly made in RER

Answer 10

secretory exported proteins

Question 11

What Type of proteins are mainly made in the ser/other roles

Answer 11

steroids

also the site of detoxification of drugs and poisons

Question 12

Which cells have a lot of SER

Answer 12

liver hepatocytes and steroid homroon producing cells of the adrenal cortex and gonads

Question 13

The golgi modifies what 3 amino acids and how

Answer 13

asparagine: modifies n oligosaccharides
Serine: adds o oligosaccharides
threonine: adds o oligosaccharides

Question 14

What are SRPs if they are absent what happens

Answer 14

signal recognition particles which traffic proteins from ribosome to rer
if absent proteins accumulate in the cytosol

Question 15

Which vesicular protein goes from golgi –> golgi and cis golgi to ER

Answer 15

COP1 (retrograde

Question 16

Which vesicular protein goes from ER –> cis golgi

Answer 16

COP2 (anterograde)

Question 17

WHich vessicular protein goes from trans golgi –> lysosomes and plasma membrane –> endosomes

Answer 17

Clathrin (clathrin coated pits for endocytosis)

Question 18

What disorder have proteasomes been implicated in

Answer 18

Parkinsons defect in ubiquitin proteasome system in some cases

Question 19

MEsechymal tissue/ tumors (eg sarcoma), endometrial carcinoma, renal cell carinoma, meningioma stain with what immunohistochemical stain

Answer 19

vimentin

Question 20

Muscel tumors like rhabdomyosarcoma stain with what immunohistochemical stain

Answer 20

Desmin

Question 21

Epithelial tumors like Squamous cell carcinoma stain with what immunohistochemical stain

Answer 21

Cytokeratin

Question 22

Neuroglia tumors like astrocytoma and glioblastoma stain with what immunohistochemical stain

Answer 22

GFAP

Question 23

Neurons/neuronal tumors like neuroblastoma stain with what immunohistochemical stain

Answer 23

Neurofilament

Question 24

what does ouabain inhibit and how

Answer 24

sodium ppotassium pump by binding to the k site

Question 25

WHich drugs act on microtubules (6)

Answer 25

``` Mebendazole Griseofulvin Colchicine Vincristine Vinblastine Paclitaxel ```

Question 26

methylation of what represses transcription

Answer 26

CpG islands in dna

Question 27

acetylation of histones does what

Answer 27

relaxews dna coiling allowing for transcription

Question 28

Which amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis

Answer 28

Glycine, Aspartate, glutamine

Question 29

Which 2 amino acids are histones rich in

Answer 29

lysine and arginine

Question 30

``` Complete the blanks: Deamination of __ makes __ Methylation of __ makes __ Deamination of __ makes __ (with regards to purines and pyrimidines ```

Answer 30

1: Cytosine; uracil 2: Uracil; Thymine 3: adenine: guanine

Question 31

dWhat drug disrups both purine and pyrimidine syhtesis and how

Answer 31

hydroxyurea by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase

Question 32

Which drug inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and what cycle does it disrupt

Answer 32

Leflunomide | Disrupt pyrimidine synthesis

Question 33

What drugs (3) inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and what cycle do they disrupt

Answer 33

Methotrexate (humans) Trimethoprim (bacteria) Pyrimethamine (protozoa) Disrupt pyrimidine synthesis

Question 34

Which drug inhibits thymidylate synthase and what cycle does it disrupt

Answer 34

5-FU | Disrupt Pyrmidine synthesis

Question 35

Which drugs (2) inhibit inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and what cycle does it disrupt

Answer 35

Mycophenolate Ribavirin Disrupt purine synthesis

Question 36

fluoroquinolones inhibit what prokaryotic enzymes

Answer 36

topoisomerase II (dna gyrase) and topoisomerase IV

Question 37

Which orgainisms have multiple origins of replication

Answer 37

Eukaryotes (pro have 1)

Question 38

which organisms have multiple open reading frames in rna

Answer 38

prkaryotes

Question 39

drugs blocking DNA replication often have a modified what

Answer 39

3'OH

Question 40

which polymerase has 5' 3' exonuclease activity and what is its role

Answer 40

DNA polymerasse 1 ( only in prokaryotes) degrades RNA primer and replaces it with DNA (also has the 3'5' exonuclease activity like pol III)

Question 41

Which organisms yhave telomerase and what type of enzyme is it

Answer 41

Only eukaryotes | RNA dependent DNA polymerase (adds dna to 3' ends of chromosomes)

Question 42

dfifferentiate transition and transversion

Answer 42

transition is purine to purine for example | transverison is purine to pyrimidine for example

Question 43

what are 2 examples of diseases with a frameshift mutation

Answer 43

duchennes and tay sachs

Question 44

what are some disorders with ssplice site mutations

Answer 44

rare cause of cancers, dementia, epilepsy and some types of Beta thal

Question 45

In the following scenarios describe the protein binding and expression of genes occuring in the lac operon 1: low glucose, lactose present 2: high glucose, lactose unavailable 3: low glucose, lactose unavailable 4: high glucose, lactose available

Answer 45

1: CAP (catabolite activator protein) bound; repressor not bound; genes expressed strongly 2: CAP not bound; repressor bound; no gene expression 3: CAP bound; repressor bound; no gene expression 4: CAP not bound; repressor not bound; low level of gene expression Pressence of lactose/allolactose removes repressor Presence of cAMP activates CAP and binds it (glucose suppresses adenylate cyclase= glucose high low camp)

Question 46

During which phase of the cell cycle do these single strand repair mechanisms function 1: Nucleotide excision repair 2: base excision repair 3: Mismatch repair

Answer 46

1: G1 phase of cell cycle 2: Throughout cell cycle 3: Predominantly in G2 phase of cell cycle