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General Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Combustion Reaction

A

Heat producing reaction in which oxygen combines with another reactant, most produce more than one product including a hydrocarbon

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2
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

When 2 or more reactants combine to form a new compound

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3
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

When a compound becomes is component parts

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4
Q

Single Displacement

A

Occurs when one element takes the place of another of the same kind

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5
Q

Double Displacement

A

When an element from a compound switches places with an element from another compound

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6
Q

H20 Polarity

A

Oxygen is slightly negative which attracts the slightly positive ions.
Hydrogen is slightly positive which attracts the slightly negative ions.

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7
Q

Total Ionic Equation

A

Lists all aqueous solutions as individual ions rather than compounds
Precipitates are listed as compounds

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8
Q

Net Ionic Equation

A

All ions that have not undergone a chemical reaction are removed from both sides of the equation

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9
Q

Flame Test

A

Elements are exposed to heat allowing them to absorb energy and move to a lower or higher shell and when they return to their normal state, energy is released in the form of light
Different elements produce different colours

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10
Q

Emission Spectra

A

Electricity can be passed through elements to produce a flash of light which gives off a specific banding pattern

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11
Q

Solubility

A

An aqueous solution is combined with another aqueous solution to potentially produce a precipitate

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12
Q

Infrared Spectroscopy

A

Uses the constant movement of molecules to detect frequencies which indicate the presence of those molecules

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13
Q

Structural isomers

A

When 2 compounds have the same formula but different structures

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14
Q

Alkanes

A

Contain only single carbon to carbon bonds.
Prefix is determined by the number of carbon elements in the parent chain.
Branches are added to the front of the name with the size, number (di-, tri- etc) and location.
Suffix ‘-ane’

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15
Q

Alkenes

A

Contain at lease one carbon to carbon double bond.
Double bond location is marked.
Prefix is determined by the number of carbon elements in the parent chain.
Branches are added to the front of the name with the size, number (di-, tri- etc) and location.
Suffix ‘-ene’

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16
Q

Alkynes

A

Contain at lease one carbon to carbon triple bond.
Triple bond location is marked.
Prefix is determined by the number of carbon elements in the parent chain.
Branches are added to the front of the name with the size, number (di-, tri- etc) and location.
Suffix ‘-yne’

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17
Q

Combustion of a Hydrocarbon

A

Products: energy in the form of heat, water, carbon dioxide.

If combustion is incomplete, pure carbon will be released as well.

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18
Q

Substitution Reaction of Hydrocarbons

A

Requires a catalyst.

A hydrogen atom is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

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19
Q

Non-Polar vs Polar vs Ionic

A

If the difference in Electronegativity (EN) is less than 0.5, the compound is non-polar
Between 0.5 and 1.7, Polar
Above 1.7, the bond is ionic

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20
Q

Alcohol Functional Group

A

Contains one carbon atom bonded to a hydroxide molecule
Suffix is ‘-anol’
The location of the hydroxide is marked
Primary: hydroxide is bonded to a carbon which is bonded to only one other carbon atom
Secondary: carbon atom is bonded to 2 other carbons
Tertiary: carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms

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21
Q

Ether Functional Group

A

An oxygen atom is bonded to 2 carbon atoms or hydrocarbon chains
Infix ‘-oxy-‘ added between the carbon chains

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22
Q

Aldehyde

A

Contains an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom (carbonyl group)
Suffix is ‘-anal’
The numbering or branches etc. starts at the carbonyl group

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23
Q

Ketone

A

Contains an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom, the carbon atom is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms (is inside the carbon chain, not on the end)
Location of the carbonyl group is marked
Suffix is ‘-anone

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24
Q

Carboxylic Acids

A

Contains a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group. (they’re both connected to the same carbon atom)
Suffix is ‘-anoic acid’
Can hydrogen bond

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25
Ester
Contains a carboxylic group (carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group.) but the hydrogen in the hydroxide is replaced with another carbon atom/chain Suffix is '-anoate'
26
Amines
Consists of a Nitrogen atom bonded to at least one carbon atom or carbon chain Nitrogen atom has max 2 hydrogens and min 1 hydrocarbon chain bonded to it 'amino-' is added to the front of the parent chain N- is added to the name of the compound if there is a branch on the Nitrogen atom Primary: hydroxide is bonded to a carbon which is bonded to only one other carbon atom Secondary: carbon atom is bonded to 2 other carbons Tertiary: carbon atom is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms
27
Flammability/Combustability
Determined by a substances flashpoint | Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which a combustable mixture can form in the air near the substance
28
Volatility
How readily a substance vaporizes
29
Isotope
An atom which has an unequal number of neutrons and protons
30
Atomic Mass Formula
(% abundance)(atomic mass of isotope 1) + (% abundance)(atomic mass of isotope 2) +...
31
Calculating Moles
n=N/NA n=number of moles N=number of formula units NA = 1 mole (6.022*10^23)
32
Molar Mass
Atomic mass is g/mol | Molar mass is all of the atoms added together
33
Converting Moles to Mass
n=m/M n=number of moles m=mass in grams M = molar mass
34
Concentration V per V
(volume of solute/volume of solution)*100 | Gives a percentage
35
Concentration M per V
(mass of solute/volume of solution)*100 | Gives a percentage
36
Molar Concentration
``` moles per Litre c=n/V c=concentration n=number of moles V=volume in L ```
37
Stoichiometry
Calculations using ratios Ratios are calculated in moles, values all need to be converted to moles The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products
38
Limiting Reagent
One reagent does not have a mass equivalent to the others (based on ratios) 8 tires, 2 engines and 1 car body can only make 1 car Car body is the limiting reagent Calculate maximum possible yield for each, lowest possible yield indicates limiting reagent
39
Percent Yield
(actual yield/theoretical yield)*100
40
Water recycling
Evaporation Condensation (water condenses into clouds to become precipitation) Precipitation Surface runoff into bodies of water
41
Hydrogen Bonding in Water
There is an attraction between the hydrogen atoms in one molecule of water and the oxygen atoms of another (hydrogen bonding) Raises the boiling point and results in high surface tension
42
Specific Heat Capacity
The amount of energy required to heat the substance 1 degree Celsius
43
Distilled water
Water is boiled to create pure H2O
44
Water Hardness
Hard water is from high calcium and magnesium content
45
Ion Exchange Water Softener
Device Contains a canister of a large organic polymer resin with lots of sodium ions Resin attracts the calcium and magnesium and they are replaced by the sodium ions
46
Dissolved Oxygen
Aquatic life depends on dissolved oxygen Some comes directly from the atmosphere Some comes from aeration from crashing waves Aquatic plants can provide oxygen as well If concentration is below 4ppm, most fish cant survive
47
Physical Contaminants
Usually solids which are insoluble Most can be removed by filters Liquid contaminants are hard to remove
48
Chemical Contaminants
Any liquid or solid chemicals that get dissolved in water Many come from humans Some chemicals are added for health or purification (fluoride and chlorine)
49
Biological Contaminants
Microorganisms in the water that could be harmful (bacteria and viruses) E. Coli is a well known one Boiling can remove it
50
Water Treatment
Intake: water is chlorinated to kill microorganisms Coagulation: a chemical such as aluminum sulphate is added which forms small sticky particles called floc for dirt to stick to Flocculation: as dirt builds up on floc, it becomes heavier and larger Sedimentation: floc settles or is filtered, water passes through activated carbon, sand and gravel Filtration: activated carbon filters Disinfection: chlorinated to kill microorganisms Fluoridation: fluoride compounds are added to help prevent tooth decay Distribution:
51
Acids
``` IONIZE Strength determined by the extent to which they ionize (100% is strongest) Concentration is mol/L Taste sour Good conductors of electricity (polarity splits up the acids into ions) react with active metals Change colours of acid-base indicators React with carbonate compounds Neutralize acids ```
52
Bases
``` DISSOCIATE Strength determined by the extent to which they dissociate (100% is strongest) Concentration is mol/L Taste bitter Feel slippery Good conductors of electricity Change colours of acid-base indicators Neutralize acids Release hydroxide ions ```
53
pH
0 is most acidic 14 is most basic 7 is neutral blood contains a buffer to maintain pH
54
Titration
Used to detect the concentration of a known acid of unknown concentration Either a pH meter or an acid-base indicator is used to detect pH When the pH reaches a desired level, calculate the moles of base added to the solution based on concentration Moles of base added = moles of acid present when the solution is neutral The concentration of the original solution = mol/L
55
Sulphuric Acid Precipitation
``` Sulphur dioxide - smelting ores with suplur in them sulphur dioxide -> sulphuric acid 2SO2 + O2 -> 2SO3 2SO3 + H20-> H2SO4 (sulphuric acid) This can cause the acid to fall in the form of rain ```
56
Nitric Acid
By-product of the combustion of fuels N2 + O2 -> 2NO 2NO + O2 -> 2NO2 3NO2 + H2O -> 2HNO3 (nitric acid) + NO
57
Environmental Effects of Acid Precipitation
Most aquatic life cannot withstand decreases in pH A basic substance can be added to neutralize the effects Better to remove the source
58
Smokestack Scrubbers
CO2 and CaO are added to the combustion chamber so that some of the SO2 reacts and becomes CaSO3 which falls out of the air The air is then sprayed with an aqueous solution of CaO to remove the majority of the remaining SO2
59
Catalytic Converter
Uses palladium or platinum honeycomb structure as a catalyst which speeds up the decomposition of Nitrogen oxide
60
Troposphere
Lowest 10km where weather occurs
61
Stratosphere
10-40km low oxygen density but ozone begins to form. air temp is warmer due to O3 absorbing sun heat
62
Mesosphere
40-100km, where meteorites burn up
63
Thermosphere
100-500km orbiting spacecrafts
64
Exosphere
adjacent to space
65
Air composition
78% Nitrogen 20.9% Oxygen 1% other (mostly CO2)
66
Greenhouse effect
Certain GHGs are better than others at absorbing heat energy from the sun Normal matter cycles kept it stable, but humans producing CO2 offset the balance
67
Climate Change Trends
The tilting of the earths axis affects the climate
68
Ozone layer
Has been depleted by Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC, not naturally occuring Hole found over the north pole
69
Primary air pollution
Produced as an immediate and direct result of human activity - combustion of fossil fuels - smelting of ores VOC (volatile organic compounds) substances that readily evaporate from organic compounds Particulate matter: any type of fine dust that is an irritant when inhaled
70
Secondary air pollutant
result from reactions from primary air pollutants
71
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Lists the worst pollutant on a given day and ranks it from 0 to 120 pollutants: Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, suspended particles, total reduced sulphur
72
Air Quality Health Index (AQHI)
4 Key Pieces of Info - a number that outlines the health risk (1-10) - a description of the health risk - Current and forecasted AQHI readings - Health messages for the general population and those at risk
73
Oxidization Reduction reaction
Oxidization: element loses electrons Reduction: element gains electrons (reduces in charge) classified as a synthesis reaction
74
Corrosion
The deterioration of a metal due to a redox reaction | Zinc is used to coat steel to prevent rust (zinc forms a protective coating due to a redox reaction)
75
Rusting
Used to describe the corrosion of iron and iron alloys Both oxygen and water are required for rust to occur Protective coatings can protect metal
76
2 types of cathodic protection
Impressed current: involves pumping electrons into the metal continually from an external power source Sacrificial Anode: attach the metal to another metal which is more easily oxidized
77
Voltage
The energy difference between two points in the cell -all cells made of the same material have the same voltage some last longer because they have more chemicals
78
Current
Measures the flow rate of electrons per second | Larger cell=more current
79
Electrolysis
The process by which electrical energy is used to make a non-spontaneous reaction occur

Chemistry (6 decks)

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