General Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
How long have cereals been in cultivation for?
A
10,000 years
2
Q
How long has maize been in cultivation for?
A
Around 5,000 years
3
Q
UK population in medieval times
A
5 million
4
Q
UK population now
A
60-65 million
5
Q
How many % people could there be by 2050?
A
25-30%
As much as 50%
6
Q
How much more food output do we need by 2050
A
x2
7
Q
When was the potato famine?
A
1845-1849
8
Q
% increase from breeding and chemical inputs
A
Breeding - 40%
Chemical inputs - 60%
9
Q
Who led the Green Revolution?
A
Norman Borlaug
10
Q
Plant breeding yields in Japan and China vs India
A
Japan and China - 4 tons per Ha
India - 2 tons per Ha
11
Q
Wheat yields in China and USA
A
China - 4 tons per Ha
USA - 3 tons per Ha
12
Q
How many species in widespread cultivation?
A
300
13
Q
% of food from 6-8 species
A
85%
14
Q
% food from rice, wheat and maize
A
50%
15
Q
Wheat consumption increase vs yield increase
A
5% p.a.
2% p.a.
16
Q
How to increase food production
A
Chemical inputs
More land
More intensive
More plant breeding
17
Q
Time take to selectively breed an annual plant
A
10-15 years
18
Q
What does a grower want?
A
High yield Higher nutrient quality Fertiliser efficient or nitrogen fixing Drought resistance Pest resistance
Photoperiod insensitivity
Modified architecture
Removal of unwanted compounds
19
Q
% crops lost to pests
A
30%
20
Q
When was Healthy Harvest published and who by?
A
2013/2014
National Farmer’s Union
21
Q
Total area of biotech crops
A
189.8 million Ha
22
Q
Arable area of UK
A
4.5-5 million Ha
23
Q
Predicted global population in 2050 and how many more this is from now
A
- 6 billion
2. 4 billion more people
24
Q
How much must global food production increase by?
A
60-110%
25
No overall increase in UK agricultural output since when?
1986
26
% UK food produced in UK
62%
27
£ of food imported
£37.6 billion
28
Size fragments can put into Agrobacterium T-DNA and how many genes per ... kb
20 kb or more
| 1 gene in every 2 kb
29
When were the first commercial GM crops grown?
1996
30
% adoption of GM in USA for maize, soybean and cotton
Maize - 92%
Soybean - 94%
Cotton - 94%
31
How many million farmers in how many countries have planted how many Ha of GM crops?
16.7 million farmers
29 countries
160 million Ha
32
Increase in GM between 2010 and 2011
8%
33
% of GM in developing countries
90%
34
% of soybean, cotton and maize grown that's GM
Soybean - 83%
Cotton - 75%
Maize - 29%
35
When was oligonucleotide mediated gene editing first approved?
2016
36
% yield loss possible due to weeds
10-15%
37
OSR weed contamination - clean vs 2% contamination money
Clean - $353 / t
| 2% contamination - $246 / t
38
When was stubble burning banned in the UK?
1993
39
How many $ per years worth of herbicides are used?
$22 billion
40
How many tonnes of herbicide active ingredient are produced per year?
1.3 million tonnes
41
What is glyphosate an inhibitor of?
EPSPS
42
What does glyphosate compete with to block EPSPS?
PEP
43
When was Roundup Ready soybean approved for release and used commercially in the UK?
Approval sought - 1994
| First signs commercially - 1998
44
```
Roundup ready facts:
Herbicide usage reduction
Reduction in damage
Increased yield
Reduction in foreign matter
```
Herbicide usage - 10-40%
Damage reduction - 6-20%
Yield - 4.7%
Foreign matter - 0.57% from 0.85%
45
Benefits of no till agriculture
```
Reduces soil erosion
Improves soil structure and fauna
Reduces water loss by evaporation and run-off
Reduction in fuel use
Reduction in costs
Enables 2 harvests a year
```
46
```
Benefits of no till - stats
Soil erosion reduction
Water loss reduction
Fuel use reduction
Cost reduction
```
Soil erosion - 90%
Water loss - 30%
Fuel use - by 30 L per Ha
Costs - 10-20%
47
Herbicide resistant plants - risk to the consumer
Being "transformed"
Toxins / allergies from unknown changes
Altered nutritional balance of product
48
Herbicide resistant plants - risk to the environment
```
Genetic pollution of other crops
Loss of biodiversity
Superbugs
Escape of genes into other plants
Superweeds
```
49
How should herbicide resistant plants be managed?
Crop rotation
Alternating use of different resistances
Field margins / headlands to maintain species
Only in species with no close native relatives
Don't stack resistance genes together
Legislation / code of conduct
50
Knock-on effects of GM plants
Reduction in number of non-GM cultivars
New cultivars available only in GM form
If GM seed is more expensive, will non-GM rise to match?
Seed purchase tied in with pesticide / herbicide purchase
51
% GM crops that express Bt
35%
52
% losses European corn borer annually and in heavy infestations
Annually - 4-10%
| Heavy - 20-30%
53
```
Bt 2014 facts:
% maize crop in US
% yield increase
% pesticide reduction
Profit increase
```
% maize - 80%
Yields - 7%
Pesticide - 11%
Profits - $5 billion
54
Cotton % yield losses from pests
30-60%
55
% non-GM as refuge for cotton and maize
Cotton - 20%
| Maize - 5%
56
Should we eat GM / problems?
BT not part of normal diet
Use food processing to stop effects of PIs normally, but what about GM?
Want to eat plant expressing toxins?
Risk of allergenic proteins?
Labelling of GM foods?
Altering metabolic profile could change food produced
Still don't understand enough about DNA to know what all sequences do
57
Considerations for use of RNAi
```
How stable is VIGS / HIGS?
How specific is the control?
Durability in the field?
Can targets evolve resistance?
Who decides how this might be used in the future?
```
58
When is GM not GM?
```
Grafting
Viruses as vectors
VIGS
HIGS
RNA pesticides
Marker-free transformation
Host-derived modifications
```
59
```
% potato losses due to:
Fungal and bacterial pathogens
Viruses
Insect pests
Weeds
```
FB - 22%
V - 8%
I - 18%
W - 23%
60
Global % of potatoes lost that are grown
70%
61
When were INNATE potatoes approved for commercialisation in the US?
November 2014
62
How many ha of INNATE potatoes grown in 2015?
160 ha
63
INNATE potatoes genes involved
Asn1
PhL
R1
Ppo5
64
INNATE potato late blight resistance year
2015
65
GM potato resistant to Potato virus Y where and when?
Argentina
| 2015
66
Who did maris piper potato breeding?
Plant Breeding Institute
67
When was maris piper potato developed and released?
D - 1964
| R - 1966
68
Steps to breed a nematode resistant plant - maris piper
```
Survey Andean markets for potato relatives within breeding range
Cross resistant with elite variety
Backcross hybrid to elite
Second backcross
More backcrosses
```
69
When was GM tomato puree sold in the UK?
1996
70
GM tomato genes / methods
TOM13
Anti-sense ACCase
Antisense polygalacturonase
71
How many iron atoms does ferritin bind?
4,500
72
Rice with iron in promoter
GluB-1
73
When was the prototype of golden rice developed and how many mg/g of carotenoid?
2000
| 1.6 mg/g
74
When was the new golden rice developed that increased the amount of carotenoid and how much?
2005
| 37 mg/g
75
Vistive gold genes silenced and enzyme
Fad2
FatB
E - delta15 desaturase
76
Getting approval before starting - steps
Local committee permission and registration of workers
Health and safety executive permission for GM
DEFRA permission for modified crops
77
Getting approval before planting - steps
DEFRA for permission to release
| Considered by ACRE
78
ACRE opinion on carnations year
2014
79
ACRE advice on GM cotton and rice year
2014
80
What are TMV particles made up of?
18 rigid rods 300 nm long
81
How many nucleotides in the TMV genome
6,394
82
TMV replicase proteins, movement protein and coat protein names
R - 126K, 183K
MP - 30K
CP - 17.5K
83
```
Systemic spread stats
% crop lost by TMV
How many days for cell-to-cell movement
When reach connective tissue?
When reaches top of plant?
When completely infected?
```
```
Up to 80-90%
3-4 days
Day 4
Day 5
Day 21
```
84
How to prevent virus infections (traditional)
Plant virus free
Keep vector away
Use virus resistant plants
85
% insecticides used in UK to control plant virus vectors
67%
86
Who first demonstrated cross-protection, when and in what?
McKinney (1929)
| TMV
87
First field trials of transgenic tomato plants to TMV year
1987
88
CP-MR year decided no restrictions in some species in US
2001
89
How does 54K protein mediated resistance differ from CP-MR?
Resistance against virus and RNA
Not overcome by high levels of inoculum
Resistance is specific
90
General risks of GM
Risks to humans
Risks to the environment
Commercial risks
91
Safety concerns related to transformation event
Insertion site, integration of T-DNA or plasmid DNA
Selection
Other components in transformation constructs other than viral sequence
92
Risks of using CaMV 35S promoter
CaMV is a plant pararetrovirus
Suggested it has recombination hotspots
Has enhancer elements that enhance expression
Promoter is from a pararetrovirus
93
Potential risks of CP-MR
Transgenic synergism
Transencapsidation
Recombination
94
Surfinia synergism viruses
TMV and Potato virus Y
95
3 main types of recombination
Homologous
Aberrant homologous
Nonhomologous
96
Potyvirus RNA size
10kb
97
Who was the first to report PTGS?
Prof David Balucombe
98
In which countries and what year did groups work on 2-5A?
Japan and USA
| 1996
99
Who developed phage display?
Greg Winter
100
Viral elements used in plant biotechnology
```
Promoters and terminators
Translational enhancers
Origins of assembly
Ribozymes
Nuclear targeting signals
Viral vectors
Suppressors of PTGS
```
101
Who discovered the omega translational enhancer?
Mike Wilson
102
Who set up plantibody company?
Prof George Lomonossoff
