General

Question 1

Is barium toxic?

Answer 1

Yes… alone but not when added with a sulfate

Question 2

FDG stands for?

Answer 2

Fludeoxyglucose

Question 3

Can barium cause an intestinal obstruction?

Answer 3

Yes barium can mix with blood and form a clot

Question 4

What can happen if barium is injected intravenously?

Answer 4

can kill

Question 5

What do you use for a celeogram and what is it used for?

Answer 5

Non-ionic iodinated contrast… looking for diaphragmatic hernia

Question 6

What is a sign of CIN during a contrast study?

Answer 6

Persistent nephrogram phase.

Question 7

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

Answer 7

Non-dose dependent

Question 8

What has higher mOsm…monomers or dimers of iodinate contrast?

Answer 8

Monomers

Question 9

How many Iodine molecules are on a monomer of iodinated contrast?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

How many Iodine molecules are on a dimer of iodinated contrast?

Answer 10

6

Question 11

What type of contrast due you use for a suspected bronchoesophageal fistula?

Answer 11

Barium or non-ionic iodinated.

Question 12

What can giving iodinated contrast to a hypovolemic patient cause?

Answer 12

Shock and death.

Question 13

What is the atomic number of gadolinium?

Answer 13

64

Question 14

Is gadolinium toxic?

Answer 14

If not chelated with something

Question 15

How many unpaired elctrons does gadolinium have>?

Answer 15

7

Question 16

Gadolinium is what type of magnetic structure?

Answer 16

Paramagnetic

Question 17

Gadolinium cause reduction in what?

Answer 17

T1 relaxation

Question 18

What is the atomic number for barium? Iodine? Effective atomic number of soft tissues?

Answer 18

Barium = 56 Iodine = 53 ST = 7

Question 19

Adding pectin or carboxymethyl-cellulose to barium solution prevent what which improves what?

Answer 19

Prevents flocculation Improves mucosal detail

Question 20

Side effects of barium?

Answer 20

Leakage into the abdominal cavity or mediastinum cause fibrous and ganulomatous inflammation (also hypovolemia and hypoproteinemia) Baroliths in the colon Allergic reactions Aspiration

Question 21

What are the beads called?

Answer 21

BIPS - Barium impregnated Polyethylene Spheres.

Question 22

BIPS primary assessment is for?

Answer 22

Outflow obstruction or intestinal obstruction

Question 23

What is the difference between A and B?

Answer 23

In A flocculation (clumped or come out of suspension) has occured.

Question 24

What does adding sodium or meglumine cation to a iodinated contrast do?

Answer 24

Adds biologic stabilization

Question 25

What is the contrast agent ratio?

Answer 25

Number of iodine atoms/number of particles in solution

Question 26

What is the white arrow pointing to?

Answer 26

Chroid plexus which is normally enhanced.

Question 27

What type of non-ionic solutions have the highest contrast agent ratio?

Answer 27

Non-ionic dimers have DOUBLE the ratio as monomers

Question 28

The lowest osmolarity is seen in what type of iodinate contrast?

Answer 28

Non-ionic Dimers (290)

Question 29

What are the Ionic iodinate contrasts?

Answer 29

Diatrizoate - Urografin Iothalamate - Conray Ioxithalamate - Telebrix Metrizoate - Isopaque Hexabrix - Ioxaglate - Dimer

Question 30

What is the normal osmolality of blood?

Answer 30

290mOSm/kg

Question 31

What type of cells are created by hyperosmolar contrast solution injected intravenously (this is all contrast agents)?

Answer 31

Dessiocytes or Echinocytes This can cause it for the erythrocytes to produce capillary obstructions. (commonly clinically silent)

Question 32

What are side-effects of iodinated contrast intravenously?

Answer 32

Reduces WBC phagocytic ability and adherence properties Desication of the endothelium leading to possible thrombus and permeability (pulmonary edema) Anti-ccoagulant proerties Vasodilation and hypotension Changes in pulse rate, respiration rate and blood pressure in 35% of dogs and cats (not life threatening)

Question 33

How does biloscopin (meglumine iotroxate) get excreted through the biliary system and not excreted by the urine?

Answer 33

It becomes more protein bound.

Question 34

Anaphylactic or allergic reactions are less common in what type of iodinated contrast?

Answer 34

NON-Ionic

Question 35

Common acute reactions in horse injected with ionic IV contrast?

Answer 35

Bronchospasms Hypotension Sweating.

Question 36

Contrast medium-induced nephropathy is defined as?

Answer 36

Increase in serum creatinine by more than 25% or more than 44umol/l or 0.5mg/dl Within 3 days after exposure.

Question 37

Contrast reaction including CIN are more likely to occur with IV or intra-arterial injections?

Answer 37

Intra-arterial

Question 38

A persistent what is considered a sign for CIN or hypotension on contrast studies?

Answer 38

Persistent nephrogram phase

Question 39

What is a big contraindication for IV contrast?

Answer 39

Dehydration.

Question 40

How many days is it recommended to wait after giving iodinated contrast before you do a thyroid scan?

Answer 40

14 days is recommended.

Question 41

Paramagnetic ions shorten or lengthen T1/T2 relaxation?

Answer 41

Shorten Therefore it **increases T1W images** and reduces T2W images

Question 42

Gadolineum has what type of magnetism?

Answer 42

Paramagnetic

Question 43

Gadolinium is inherent toxic and would cause what if not chelated?

Answer 43

Hepatic necrosis.

Question 44

What are the two categories of gadolinium contrast?

Answer 44

Non-specific extracellular Organ specific protein bound.

Question 45

Can gadolinium be used for radiographic opacification? Why is it not the best and when would you use it?

Answer 45

Yes it can. You use it if the patient has reacted to Iodine before. It is not the best because it only has one atom of gadolinium per molecule compared to three with iodine molecule.

Question 46

What is nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and what contrast agent is it seen in?

Answer 46

Thickening of skin Muscle weakness Bone pain Seen in patients with impaired renal function with GADOLINIUM. Can happen weeks to years after administration Occurs mostly in linear contrast