General Anatomy ( 5% ) Flashcards
An example of hyaline cartilage is
- a) knee meniscus.
- b) epiglottis.
- c) epiphyseal growth plate
- d) intervetebral disc.
- e) articular surface of the clavicle.
c) epiphyseal growth plate
- a) knee meniscus. (fibro)
- b) epiglottis. (Elastic)
- d) intervetebral disc. (Fibro)
- e) articular surface of the clavicle. (SC joint is synovial but articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage (only time a synovial joint does not contain hyaline cart). AC joint is synovial with an articular disk of fibrocartilage)
Hyaline cartilage
- a) Unable to be deformed
- b) Regrows in new cartilage.
- c) Forms epiphyseal growth plates
c) Forms epiphyseal growth plates
- a) Unable to be deformed
- b) Regrows in new cartilage. (Avascular and chrondocytes are bound in lacunae so can’t migrate to damaged areas. Therefore healing ability is very limited. Damaged hyaline cartilage is usually replaced by fibrocartilage scar tissue)
With regard to cartilage all are true except
- a) Epiphyseal growth plates are made of hyaline cartilage
- b) Intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee are fibrocartilage
- c) The epiglottis is elastic cartilage
- d) All types of cartilage are prone to calcification with age
- e) Fibrocartilage has a blood supply.
d) All types of cartilage are prone to calcification with age
(not elastic)
- a) Epiphyseal growth plates are made of hyaline cartilage
- b) Intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee are fibrocartilage
- c) The epiglottis is elastic cartilage
- e) Fibrocartilage has a blood supply. (For example, the annulus fibrosis)
The diameter of a motor nerve fibre is:
- a) 1-2 microns
- b) 3-5 microns
- c) 5-12 microns
- d) 12-20 microns
- e) 20-50 microns
d) 12-20 microns
regarding muscle
- a) skeletal muscle is a mix of red and white muscle
- b) individual fibres are surrounded by epimysium which is impermeable to fluid
- c) a motor unit supplies red and white muscle fibres.
- d) white fibres are slow twitch and aerobic.
a) skeletal muscle is a mix of red and white muscle
- b) individual fibres are surrounded by epimysium which is impermeable to fluid (fibres are surrounded by endomysium, bundles are surrounded by perimysium, muscles are covered in epimysium)
- c) a motor unit supplies red and white muscle fibres. (Only 1 type of fibre)
- d) white fibres are slow twitch and aerobic. (Opposite)
With regards to muscle all are true except
- a) The muscle cell and muscle fibre are the same thing
- b) There are 2 different types of muscle, skeletal and smooth
- c) Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleated
- d) Intrafusal muscle fibres are innervated by gamma motor neurons of the anterior horn
- e) Muscle spindles are a sensory receptor
b) There are 2 different types of muscle, skeletal and smooth
(and cardiac)
All of the following muscles have 2 different nerve supplies except
- a) FDP
- b) Adductor magnus
- c) Tibialis anterior
- d) Dorsal + palmar interossei
- e) Digastric
c) Tibialis anterior
deep fibular nerve - anterior compartment lower leg
d) Dorsal + palmar interossei
- deep branch of ulnar nerve*
- Lumbricals have two different supplies - lateral 2= median, medial 2= ulnar*
- a) FDP (median aspect by AION branch of median, lateral aspect by ulnar nerve)
- b) Adductor magnus (adductor portion by posterior division of obturator nerve, hamstring portion by sciatic nerve)
- e) Digastric (posterior belly by digastric branch of facial (VII) nerve, anterior belly by mylohyoid nervem a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
An example of a secondary cartilaginous joint is:
- a) proximal tibial epiphysis.
- b) costochondral joint.
- c) intervertebral disc.
- d) lamboid suture.
- e) temperomandibular joint.
c) intervertebral disc.
Secondary cartilaginous aka symphysis
Two bone ends covered in hyaline cartilage joined by fibrocartilage
- a) proximal tibial epiphysis. (Primary cartilaginous aka synchondrosis, because it has hyaline cart)
- b) costochondral joint. (Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage)
- d) lamboid suture. (Synostosis - united by fibrous tissue)
- e) temperomandibular joint. (Synovial joint with an articular disk)
An example of a synovial joint is
- Sacro-iliac.
- Intervertebral joints.
- Sterno manubrial.
- Epiphyses.
- Costal cartilage.
Sacro-iliac.
(Upper 1/3 syndesmosis, middle 1/3 symphysis, lower 1/3 synovial)
- Intervertebral joints. (Symphysis)
- Sterno manubrial. (Symphysis)
- Epiphyses. (Bone; epiphyseal plate = synchondrosis)
- Costal cartilage. (Costochrondral joints are synchondroses, costovertebral joints are synovial)
In terms of joints all are true except
- a) Epiphyses are cartilaginous joints.
- b) The pubic symphysis is a 2ndary cartilaginous joint
- c) The synovial membrane of synovial joint lines the capsule, non-articulating surfaces and hyaline cartilage
- d) The knee joint contains about 0.5mL of synovial fluid
- e)Hiltons law describes the nerve supply to joints and overlying skin
a) Epiphyses are cartilaginous joints.
(Epiphyses are the ends of a long bone. Epiphyseal plates are (primary) cartilaginous joints)
Regarding dermatomes
- a) They do not overlap in the chest.
- b) Is the area of skin and muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve.
- c) They do not overlap at axial lines.
- d) Are separated from a dermatome from a discontinuous segment of the spinal cord by an axial line.
c) They do not overlap at axial lines. (True)
d) Are separated from a dermatome from a discontinuous segment of the spinal cord by an axial line. (true)
- a) They do not overlap in the chest. (Opposite as there is no axial line or regions supplied by discontinuous dermatomes like in the limbs)
- b) Is the area of skin and muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve. (Only skin - Not muscle)
With regard to dermatomal nerve supply:
- a) C7 supplies the index finger
- b) The anterior axial line of the upper limb runs between C6 & C7.
- c) T6 is at the level of the nipple.
- d) The umbilicus is supplied by either T12 or L1.
- e) The heel is supplied by S2.
a) C7 supplies the index finger
- b) The anterior axial line of the upper limb runs between C6 & C7. (Can’t have an axial line between consecutive spinal level dermatomes. The anterior axial line is C5/T2 and C6/T1)
- c) T6 is at the level of the nipple. (T4)
- d) The umbilicus is supplied by either T12 or L1. (T10)
- e) The heel is supplied by S2. (S1)
All are true about dermatomes except
- a) The sympathetic grey ramus that accompanies each spinal nerve does not continue to the skin
- b) The axial line is the line of junction of 2 dermatomes supplied from discontinuous spinal levels
- c) There is no overlap of dermatomes over axial lines
- d) The skin of the middle finger is C7
- e) The skin of the umbilicus is T10
a) The sympathetic grey ramus that accompanies each spinal nerve does not continue to the skin.
(Needs to supply sweat glands so it does run to the skin)
With regard to myotomal nerve supply:
- a) opponens pollicus is C8.
- b) shoulder abduction is C5, 6.
- c) ankle plantar flexion is L4,5.
- d) elbow extension is C7/8
- e) ankle eversion is L4.
d) elbow extension is C7,8
- a) opponens pollicus is C8. (T1)
- b) shoulder abduction is C5, 6. (Just C5)
- c) ankle plantar flexion is L4,5. (Dorsiflexion; Plantar is S1/2)
- e) ankle eversion is L4. (Inversion L4/5, eversion L5/S1)
The approximate vertebral levels of
- a) Transpyloric plane = L2
- b) Cricoid cartilage = C3.
- c) Oesophageal opening in the diaphragm = T8
- d) Division of common carotids = C5
- e) Aortic bifurcation = L4
e) Aortic bifurcation = L4
- a) Transpyloric plane = L1
- b) Cricoid cartilage = C6.
- Larynx is C3 to C6, with cricoid at the bottom
- Thyroid T4
- c) Oesophageal opening in the diaphragm = T10
- IVC is T8, aorta T12
- d) Division of common carotids = C4
All of the following nerves pass between the 2 heads of a muscle except
- a) Tibial
- b) Deep peroneal
- c) Median
- d) Ulnar.
- e) Posterior IO.
b) Deep peroneal
- a) Tibial - gastrocnemius
- c) Median - pronator teres
- d) Ulnar - FCU
- e) Posterior IO.
All are true about the nerve supply to the body wall except
- a) Posterior rami of spinal nn supply the extensor mm of the vertebral column
- b) Anterior rami supply all other muscles of the trunk
- c) Each posterior rami divides into an anterior and posterior branch
- d) The posterior ramus of C1 has no cutaneous branch
- e) No posterior ramus ever supplies skin or muscle of a limb
b) Anterior rami supply all other muscles of the trunk
(all except deep muscles of back)
all are true about anterior rami except
- a) the anterior ramus runs with the segmental artery between transversus abdominus and internal oblique
- b) where the spinal nerve and artery cross, the artery lies nearer the skin
- c) the segmental nerve enters the abdominus and passes to the overlying skin while the segmental artery ends in the flank muscles
- d) the intercostal nerve has a lateral and anterior branch
- e) anterior rami of the lower 6 thoracic nerves supply the anterior abdominal wall
b) where the spinal nerve and artery cross, the artery lies nearer the skin
Panniculus adiposis
- a) not well developed in man
- b) is a thin layer of muscle
- c) is unlike fat
- d) contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph
- e) portal vessels run through it
d) contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph
“The panniculus adiposus is the fatty layer of the subcutaneous tissues, superficial to a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. It includes structures that are considered fascia by some sources but not by others.”
Regarding the deep fascia which is false
- a) can provide attachment for muscle
- b) attaches to the skin by thin fibrils
- c) attaches to underlying bone
- d) has no nerve supply
- e) is absent on the face
d) has no nerve supply
- a) can provide attachment for muscle (true - eg palmar and plantar aponeurosis)
- b) attaches to the skin by thin fibrils
- c) attaches to underlying bone (is continuous with periosteum)
- e) is absent on the face
With regard to bone
- a) nutrient arteries supplies cortical bone predominantly.
- b) smallest channels are Haversian canals
- c) trabecular network in cancellous bone is capable of considerable rearrangement with regard to fibre orientation
- d) periostium covers the articulating surface of bone.
- e) bone substance does not receive its nutrition from the periosteum.
- f) periosteum is not sensitive.
c) trabecular network in cancellous bone is capable of considerable rearrangement with regard to fibre orientation
- a) nutrient artery supplies cortical bone predominantly. (Marrow, spongy bone and deep cortical bone. Most cortical bone supplied by periosteal arterial branches)
- b) smallest channels are Haversian canals. (Canaliculi)
- d) periostium covers the articulating surface of bone. (Cartilage does. Periosteum covers non-articulating surfaces then reflects to join the joint capsule at articular surfaces)
- e) bone substance does not receive its nutrition from the periosteum.
- f) periosteum is not sensitive. (Contains nerve and vessels. Painful after a #)
regarding the newborn skull
- a) it has similar vertical proportion to an adult skull
- b) the bones of the vault ossify in membrane and the bones of the base in cartilage
- c) anterior fontanelle borders: frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid
- d) posterior fontanelle borders: occipital, parietal, temporal.
b) the bones of the vault ossify in membrane and the bones of the base in cartilage
- a) it has similar vertical proportion to an adult skull
- c) anterior fontanelle borders: frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid. (Just frontal and parietal)
- d) posterior fontanelle borders: occipital, parietal, temporal. (Not temporal)
all are true of bones except
- a) Volkmann’s canals usually run at right angles to Haversian canals
- b) Blood vessels run in the periosteum
- c) Periosteum is osteogenic
- d) Endosteum is osteogenic.
- e) The nutrient artery of the shaft is the main source of blood supply to the bone
e) The nutrient artery of the shaft is the main source of blood supply to the bone
(cortical bone is mainly supplied by periosteal arterial branches)
- a) Volkmann’s canals usually run at right angles to Haversian canals
- b) Blood vessels run in the periosteum
- c) Periosteum is osteogenic (Basal layer of periosteum contains osteogenic cells which develop into osteoblasts as required )
- d) Endosteum is osteogenic. (Lies between cortical bone and medulla, contains osteoclasts)
With regards to bone, all are true except
- a) The end of the shaft in contact with the epiphyseal plate is the metaphysis
- b) The metaphysis is supplied by capillary loops from the nutrient artery
- c) The epiphysis has no blood supply
- d) The epiphysis eventually ossify
- e) Once the epiphysis ossify it establishes a blood supply with the metaphysis
c) The epiphysis has no blood supply
(bone must have a blood supply)
Regarding parasympathetic nervous system
- a) Supply all viscera
- b) Have connector cells in brainstem and sacrum
b) Have connector cells in brainstem and sacrum
(CN III, VII, IX, X + S2-4)
- a) Supply all viscera - ‘sweat glands, adrenal medulla, erector pili mm, many blood vessels have only sympathetic innervation’
All are true of myotomes except
- a) Hip flexion L2,3
- b) Knee extension L4,5.
- c) Elbow flexion C5,6
- d) Wrist flexion and extension both C6,7
- e) Intrinsics of hand T1
b) Knee extension L4,5.
(L3, 4)
1) Regarding tissues:
- a) cartilage is very vascular
- b) ligaments are generally not elastic
- c) deep fascia is insensate
- d) cardiac muscle is not striated
- e) periosteum is not sensitive
b) ligaments are generally not elastic
- a) cartilage is very vascular (avascular generally though small blood flow to fibrous type)
- c) deep fascia is insensate (has innvervation)
- d) cardiac muscle is not striated (it is, as is skeletal muscle)
- e) periosteum is not sensitive (continuous with deep fascia - hurts when you have a fracture)
2) An example of a unipennate muscle is:
- a) sartorius
- b) flexor pollicis longus
- c) rectus femoris
- d) deltoid
- e) tibialis anterior
b) flexor pollicis longus
An example of a secondary cartilaginous joint is:
- a) distal tibiofibular joint
- b) costochondral joint
- c) sagittal suture
- d) manubrio-sternal joint
- e) knee joint
d) manubrio-sternal joint
- a) distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis - fibrous)
- b) costochondral joint (primary cartilaginous - synchondrosis)
- c) sagittal suture (synostosis - fibrous)
- e) knee joint (synovial)
4) Which vessel is not an end artery?
- a) renal artery
- b) retinal artery
- c) pulmonary artery
- d) intercostal artery
- e) splenic artery
d) intercostal artery
5) The appendages of the skin:
- a) are derived from mesoderm
- b) are derived from epidermal tissues
- c) lie in the dermal layer
- d) are derived from endoderm
b) are derived from epidermal tissues
6) Melanocyte(s):
- a) number determine the colour of the skin
- b) are responsible for hair colour, greying is the result of decreasing numbers
- c) produce varying melanins
- d) are found mainly in the dermal layer
c) produce varying melanins
- a) number determine the colour of the skin (number is consistent between people - amount of melanin produced varies)
- b) are responsible for hair colour, greying is the result of decreasing numbers (melanin is responsible for colour - ?the actual role of melanocytes)
- d) are found mainly in the dermal layer (basal layer of epidermis)
7) In regard to connective tissue:
- a) aponeuroses are a form of deep fascia
- b) retinaculae are a form of ligament
- c) deep fascia is insensate
- d) some ligaments are designed to allow a degree of elasticity
d) some ligaments are designed to allow a degree of elasticity
(ligamentum flavum and ligamentum nuchae)
- a) aponeuroses are a form of deep fascia (??true - variant of deep fascia that acts like a tendon)
- b) retinaculae are a form of ligament (are a form of deep fascia)
- c) deep fascia is insensate
8) With regards to cartilage:
- a) in the elderly, the epiglottis can occasionally be seen on x-ray as its elastic cartilage calcifies
- b) bones that develop by intramembranous ossification have fibrocartilage at their articular surfaces
- c) cartilage is nourished exclusively by ground substance as it has no blood supply
- d) the most common form of cartilage is fibrocartilage
b) bones that develop by intramembranous ossification have fibrocartilage at their articular surfaces
c) cartilage is nourished exclusively by ground substance as it has no blood supply (fibrocartilage has a poor blood supply so probably not correct but is listed as so)
- a) in the elderly, the epiglottis can occasionally be seen on x-ray as its elastic cartilage calcifies (elastic cartilate never calcifies)
- d) the most common form of cartilage is fibrocartilage (hyaline)
9) Which is correct?
- a) oblique alignment of striated muscle fibres allows for greater force of contraction
- b) smooth muscle is multi-nucleated
- c) the epimysium surrounds groups of striated muscle fibres to form muscle bundles or fasciculi
- d) rectus femoris fibres are arranged in a muti-pennate form to allow increased force of contraction
- e) alpha anterior horn cells of the spinal cord supply the intrafusal muscle fibres
a) oblique alignment of striated muscle fibres allows for greater force of contraction
- b) smooth muscle is multi-nucleated (striated eg skeletal and cardiac muscle has multinucleated cells)
- c) the epimysium surrounds groups of striated muscle fibres to form muscle bundles or fasciculi (perimysium - epimysium surrounds individual cells)
- d) rectus femoris fibres are arranged in a muti-pennate form to allow increased force of contraction (bipennate)
- e) alpha anterior horn cells of the spinal cord supply the intrafusal muscle fibres (anterior horn cells supply skeletal muscle - intrafusal fibres are sensory receptors)
10) Which is correct?
- a) B-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
- b) plasma cells are differentiated B-cells
- c) all lymphoid tissue is encapsulated
- d) in lymph nodes, follicles of lymphocytes are concentrated in the medullary region
b) plasma cells are differentiated B-cells
11) Which of the following pairs do not match with regard to mode of ossification?
- a) ribs and vertebra
- b) clavicle and humerus
- c) femur and 1st metatarsal
- d) patella and pisiform
- e) mandible and clavicle
b) clavicle and humerus
Intramembranous ossification occurs in the flat bones of skull, mandible, and clavicle
Endochondral ossification occurs elsewhere and has hylanine cartilage as a precursor
12) Regarding cartilage, which is INCORRECT?
- a) it is essentially avascular
- b) hyaline cartilage contains hyaluronic acid
- c) rib cartilage is elastic type
- d) TMJ is fibrous
- e) all contain mucopolysaccharides
c) rib cartilage is elastic type
(hyaline)
Elastic cartilage is found in the eustachian tube and epiglottis
TMJ is an atypical synovial joint with fibrous rather than hyaline cartilage
13) Regarding muscle strength, which is not a factor?
- a) resting muscle length
- b) cross sectional area
- c) lever arm length
- d) the extent to which the muscle is contracted
- e) configuration of fibres
a) resting muscle length
