SYNERGIST
a muscle/force that works with a muscle that is contracting.
AGONIST
a muscle/force that can do the action in question
ANTAGONIST
a muscle/force that can do the opposite action
FIXATOR
a muscle/force that can stop an unwanted action at the fixed attachment of the muscle that is working.
CONCENTRIC
the muscle contracts and shortens
ECCENTRIC
the muscle contracts and lengthens
ISOMETRIC
the muscle will neither shorten nor lengthen
NEUTRALISER
a muscle/force that can stop an unwanted action at the mobile attachment of the muscle that is working.
SUPPORT MUSCLE
a muscle that can hold another part of the body in position
PASSIVE INSUFFICIENCY
a muscle, which passes over two joints, can not be lengthened enough to allow full range of movement at both joints
ACTIVE INSUFFICIENCY
a muscle, which passes over two joints can not shorten sufficiently to produce full range of movement at both joints.
ISOTONIC
An increase in tension which changes muscle length so movement is produced.
RECIPROCOL MUSCLE LENGTHENING
is involuntary, it is not active muscle work.
FONTAL PLANE
A vertical plane from side to side that divides the body or any of its parts into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Abduction / adduction
SAGITIAL PLANE
A vertical plane, from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions.
Flexion /extension
HORIZONTAL PLANE
A horizontal plane, from front to back and side to side, that divides the body or any of its parts into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Medial rotation / lateral rotation -
Types of joint
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
ACCESSORY MOVEMENT
Involuntary, small gliding adjustments between joint surfaces to facilitate smooth and full movement.
e.g spin, roll, glide
HOW TO MEASURE POSTURE
lobe of ear odontoid process of axis through shoulder lumbar vertebrae greater trochanter anterior to midline through knee slightly anterior of lateral malleolus
What are synovial joints?
Bones held together by a fibrous capsule & accessory ligaments. Has a synovial joint cavity
DEFINE GAIT
the manner or style of walking
CYCLE TIME
the interval between two successive occurrences of one of the repetitive events of walking’
It is often started at the point one foot touches the floor and ends once the same foot comes into contact with the floor once more.
AROM
refers to how far a joint moves during exercise
done on your own
PROM
refers to how far a joint moves during exercise
done by a therapist
CONTRALATERAL
the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.
STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE OF ARTICULAR CAPSULE
the capsule is held together with ligaments (fibrous connective tissue) that help with the range of motion.
STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE OF SYNOVIAL FLUID
eduction of friction — synovial fluid lubricates the articulating joints
STURCTURE AND PURPOSE OF FAD PAD
mass of closely packed fat cells surrounded by fibrous tissue septa. They may be extensively supplied with capillaries and nerve endings.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONES
short, flat, long, sesamoid irregular
medial
towards the midline (centre).”
lateral
away from the midline”
proximal
nearer to the centre or midline
distal
further from the centre or midline”.
plane of movement
the imaginary surface over which the mobile segment passes.
axis of movement
an imaginary point or line, on the surface around which the movement occurs.
Neutral position
ASIS are in the same frontal plane and the ASIS and pubic symphysis are in the same vertical plane
Initial contact in gait
Often called heel strike as this area comes into first contact with the floor
stance phase in gait
loading response is the double support period between initial contact on one leg and toe off on the other leg.
terminal stance in gait
Is the time in which the heel begins to lift from the surface
pre swing in gait
Pre-swing occurs in conjunction with opposite heel strike.
lordotic posture
increase in lumbosacral angle
relaxed or slouch posture
excessive shifting of the pelvic segment anteriorly, resulting in hip extension
scoliosis
lateral curvature with fixed motion of vertebrae
flat back posture
decreased lumbar lordosis, hip extension and posterior tilting of pelvis
Gait phases
heel strike Stance Loading reponse Midtstance Terminal stance Pre swing Toe off Swing phase Initial swing Mid swing Terminal swing