General Cards Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What does Henry II do in the Midlands that earns him favour in his conflict with Stephen?
A
Stabilises them
2
Q
Which important earl joined Henry II’s side against Stephen?
A
Robert, earl of Leicester
3
Q
Who are the two opponents in the anarchy?
A
Stephen and Matilda
4
Q
Which deal is made between Henry II and the Scottish king to help Henry II against Stephen?
A
King David of Scotland knights Henry II. In exchange, Henry to give David Northumbria.
5
Q
What are the terms of the Henry II - Stephen treaty?
A
Stephen adopts Henry II, making him his heir
6
Q
What happens to the lands promised to Scotland by Henry II?
A
Henry II marches up with a massive army, causing Malcolm (David’s successor) to surrender them.
7
Q
What was the king’s court?
A
The ultimate court of appeal, overseen by the king
8
Q
Who succeeded king Malcolm of Scotland?
A
William the Lion
9
Q
What triggers Henry II’s second Welsh expedition and when?
A
Rhys of Deheubarth seizes Llandovergearthe in 1162 (also year of expedition)
10
Q
Who did Henry II appoint as head of the Exchequer and when?
A
Nigel, bishop of Ely in 1154
11
Q
When did Eleanor of Aquitaine marry Henry II?
A
May 1152
12
Q
What agreement do Henry II and Rhys of Deheubarth reach and why isn’t Owain present?
A
Peace treaty. Owain dies in 1170.
13
Q
What were county courts and how often did they meet?
A
Overseen by the king’s agents (generally sheriffs). Met every 4-6 weeks.
14
Q
Which of Henry II’s sons does Becket raise and when is he removed?
A
Henry the Young in 1163, after Westminster council
15
Q
What is the main disagreement at the council of Westminster between Henry II and Becket?
A
Henry II believes clergy convicted of crimes should be handed over to royal courts for sentencing. Becket disagrees, citing the bible.
16
Q
When did Henry II reform the coinage?
A
1158 and 1180
17
Q
When did Dermot appeal to Henry II for aid and what did Henry II say?
A
- Henry said he could recruit mercenaries from Norman knights.
18
Q
Which of Henry II’s sons were given what inheritance at Montmirail and when?
A
Henry the Young: England, Normandy, Anjou; Richard: Aquitaine; Geoffrey: Brittany; John: Nothing yet in 1169.
19
Q
Which pope gives Henry II permission to invade Ireland and when?
A
Adrian IV in 1155
20
Q
When are the councils at Woodstock and Westminster?
A
July and October 1163
21
Q
What happens to Becket’s Northampton sentence?
A
Quashed by Pope Alexander III
22
Q
What were the forest courts?
A
Overseen by king’s agents. Dealt with offences committed under the laws of the king’s forest.
23
Q
What did the assize of Clarendon say regarding sheriffs?
A
Sheriffs can enter any magnate’s land. Barons can no longer protect subjects.
24
Q
What did Henry II do on request of some of the English magnates?
A
Send some of his mercenaries back across the channel
25
What were Henry II's subjects not allowed to do on royal forest land and what were the punishments for transgressions?
Cut trees for timber (Fine); Clear land for crops (Fine); Encroaching on/enclosing forest land (Fine); Hunting game (Death).
26
What is Matilda's claim to the throne?
She was promised it by Henry I, her father
27
At what age did Henry II first land in England and with who?
At the age of 14, with Norman mercenaries.
28
What are the 3 bases for kingship?
Royal blood; Consent of the baronage; Nomination by the previous ruler.
29
What was Carte Baronum and when was it created?
Land survey, where barons were required to disclose how many knights they were owned by tenants in 1166.
30
Who was Stephen's 2nd son, and what was his reaction to the treaty between Henry II and Stephen?
William. Accepted land to stay out of the way.
31
Who are Henry II's parents and why is his mother an empress?
Father is Geoffrey of Anjou; Mother is Empress Matilda. She was previously married to the Holy Roman emperor before his death.
32
What does Henry II call himself before ascending to the English throne?
Henry FitzEmpress
33
What was Malcolm of Scotland awarded with after surrendering his claim to Northumbria?
Made earl of Huntingdon
34
What lands did Henry II gain from inheritance?
Anjou, Maine and Touraine; Normandy and England.
35
How was royal revenue affected under Stephen?
Fell by 2/3
36
How was Carte Baronum used by Henry II?
Allowed Henry II to tax on non-enfeoffed knights; Used as a basis when the crown needed extra income.
37
When was the inquest of sheriffs?
1170
38
How much did Henry II spend on Dover castle?
£6000
39
Name some things given to Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Kent, Oxford markets, Cornwall tin mines. Also founds chapels in Yorkshire.
40
What was the manor court and how often did it meet?
Count overseen by the Lord. Met every 4-6 weeks.
41
What was the outcome of Henry II's second Welsh expedition?
Rhys captured; Hostages taken.
42
When was the Great rebellion?
1173-1174
43
What were the hundred courts and how often did they meet?
Dealt with small debts or disorder not serious enough to be a breach of the king's peace. Met up fortnightly.
44
How many court circuits did Henry II divide England into?
6
45
How many murders were committed by clergy members from 1154-1163?
Over 100
46
What did Henry II ask for in the inquest of sheriffs?
Every payment made to every sheriff over the past 4 years with reasons, dates, and amounts.
47
When is the council of Northampton?
October 1164
48
What does Henry II hand Becket at the end of the council at Clarendon and what is the significance?
A chirograph. By accepting it Becket is agreeing to its terms.
49
What charges were placed on Becket at Northampton?
Contempt of court - disobeyed September 1164 writ by Henry II; Embezzlement - demands official receipts for Becket's deposits into the Exchequer; False accounting, perjury, treason.
50
How much money does Henry II demand from Becket at Northampton?
£30,000
51
Who were some witnesses to the Henry II - Stephen treaty?
Theobald (Archbishop of Canterbury); Henry (Bishop of Winchester); Nigel (Bishop of Ely); Richard de Luce.
52
How did Henry II attempt to pressure the bishops at Clarendon?
Knights were sent into the room the bishops were deliberating in to threaten them, then knights Templars were sent in to convince them Henry II would stay true to the promises he had made and it would all soon be over. To acknowledge ancestral customs, removing the phrase 'saving our order'.
53
What did Becket march into court with at Northampton?
The wafer of the Eucharist
54
What happens at Fretval and when?
Becket allowed to return to England and reconciles with Henry II. No kiss of peace in July 1170.
55
What is one way in which Henry II alienates the baronage?
The assize of Clarendon increases feudal dues.
56
What was Becket's original position and when was he removed from it?
Secretary for Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1161.
57
When does Henry the Young ride to Louis' court and how does Louis treat him?
March 1173. Louis treats him as king of England.
58
In 1154, how many castles were in baronial control compared to royal control?
225 in baronial and 49 in royal control in 1154 (80% baronial).
59
What document standardised church canon law and when?
Gratian's Concordia in 1140.
60
When are there massive Welsh uprisings and who leads them?
1164, led by Rhys of Deheubarth and Owain of Gwynedd.
61
How much money did Wiltshire forest raise for Henry II from 1175-1176?
£1295
62
What was the treaty of Windsor and when was it signed?
Rory's right to Connacht was recognised, but royal control over the rest of Ireland was retained. Rory held his land as a vassal in 1173.
63
When was Henry II's first Welsh expedition?
1157
64
What was the name of the treaty between Henry II and Stephen and when was it signed?
The treaty of Winchester in November 1153.
65
When did King Stephen pass away?
October 1154
66
How does the number of earls change under Henry II's reign?
Halves from 24 to 12
67
Which Welsh prince proposed an alliance with Louis VII and when?
Owain of Gwynedd in 1168
68
Which of Hugh Mortimer's castles are destroyed?
Cleobury, Wigmire, Bridgnorth
69
What would Henry the Young pay each baron who joined his side in the Great Rebellion?
Count of Flanders: Kent and £1000 per year; Count of Boulogne: Mortain; William the Lion: Northumbria; Count of Blois: Champagne.
70
What was Henry II's claimed basis for Northampton and why is it unconvincing?
Land dispute between Becket and John of Salisbury. John of Salisbury never showed up to the trial.
71
How does Eleanor of Aquitaine contribute to the Great Rebellion?
Poitou and Angouleme rally against Henry II on Eleanor's request. 1168-1172 Eleanor governs in Aquitaine and attempts to convince the county to rise up against Henry II.
72
What were some clauses of the constitutions of Clarendon?
Bishops and archbishops could not leave England without permission; Barons and royal officials could not be excommunicated without royal permission; No appeal to the pope was allowed in clerical cases without royal approval.
73
How many men claim 'benefit of the clergy'?
1 in 5
74
When does Becket return to England and how does it go wrong?
November 1170. Becket immediately excommunicates Roger of York, Joscelin of Salisbury, and Gilbert Foliot.
75
How did Louis VII and Henry the Young legitimise the Great Rebellion?
Henry the Young was a crowned king of England; Louis VII was the King of France who could claim Henry II was a disobedient vassal.
76
What did Becket appeal to the Pope to ask him to do at Northampton and why does this anger Henry II?
To instruct bishops not to testify against him to Henry II. Henry II did not consent to this appeal.
77
Who was regent of England in Henry II's absence?
Eleanor of Aquitaine
78
What alliance was made against Henry II to stop him claiming the English throne?
Eustace (Stephen's eldest son who dies 1153); Louis VII; Geoffrey Plantagenet (Henry II's brother who felt robbed of his inheritance).
79
When did Dermot MacMurrough die?
May 1171
80
Which towns had to be reverted to royal control by Henry II?
London, Lincoln, York, Winchester, Exeter, Oxford, Leicester.
81
How many men did Henry II muster for his first Welsh expedition?
30,000
82
Who does Alexander III make a papal legate and why, and when?
Roger of York. Compromise for not confirming constitutions of Clarendon in 1164.
83
When did Henry II land in Ireland and what happened?
October 1171. Met with sub-kings of Leinster and two other kingdoms who did homage to him.
84
Who did Strongbow marry and when, and why is this significant?
Aife in Autumn 1170. Made him the only heir to the kingdom of Leinster when Dermot's son died.
85
Which English baron is forced to pay to reclaim his castles and what is the required sum, and when?
Hugh Bigod, due to getting into a dispute with William of Blois. £666 in 1165.
86
What were the main terms of the King - Pope compromise made after Becket's murder?
He would provide 2000 knights to the Templars in the Levant; Bishops and Archbishops would need Royal permission to leave England; He would go on Crusade for 3 years before the following Easter; Canterbury would gain back land from a year before Becket's appointment; The constitutions of Clarendon would be undone.
87
Who are some barons who felt alienated due to overly effective centralisation of royal authority?
Ralph de Feugeres in Brittany; Robert earl of Leicester; Hugh Bigod.
88
Where did Henry II attack first in England, when, and what was the outcome?
Malmesbury in January 1153. Stephen's forces refuse to fight so Henry II wins.
89
How does Louis VII set up Henry the Young to fight in the Great Rebellion?
In 1173 he summons his barons to Paris to pledge support; Henry the Young promises not to make peace without their consent; Louis orders a seal to be made for Henry the Young so he can purchase support; Turns down a peace delegation from Henry II, saying the King of England is with him.
90
How much did Henry II spend per year on building/repairing castles?
£760
91
Who had to be marched on for holding onto castles and how many?
Hugh Mortimer held onto 3 castles.
92
What does Becket say at Westminster that causes Henry II to storm off?
Says he will observe ancient customs 'saving our order'.
93
What were the roles of sheriffs?
Maintenance of royal castles; Checking over the annual harvest; Collecting evidence for serious criminal cases; Collecting tax.
94
What did Henry II do about land/titles granted by Stephen?
Anything granted.
95
How much did II spend per year on building/repairing castles?
£760
96
Who had to be marched on for holding onto castles?
Hugh Mortimer
## Footnote
Held onto 3 castles.
97
What does Becket say at Westminster that causes Henry II to storm off?
He says he will observe ancient customs 'saving our order.'
98
What were the roles of sheriffs?
Maintenance of royal castles, checking over the annual harvest, collecting evidence for serious criminal cases, and collecting tax.
99
What did Henry II do about land/titles granted by Stephen?
Anything granted since Henry I's reign was held illegitimate and confiscated.
100
What happened to Geoffrey Plantagenet?
Formally rebelled in 1156 and was appeased by Nortes and lower Brittany electing him as count.
101
What happens in Woodstock as a result of Henry II's second expedition?
Malcolm of Scotland and the Welsh princes do homage to Henry II, and hostages are taken.
## Footnote
When: 1163.
102
What was Becket's position before becoming Archbishop of Canterbury?
Lord Chancellor.
103
How did the number of mints change during Henry II's reign?
Went from 47 to 29 by 1158, then 17 by the end of his reign.
104
How many castles did Henry II hold on to from barons in 1155?
30.
105
When was the Louis VII family reunion?
November 1172
## Footnote
Henry II recalls Henry the Young who goes with Margaret, daughter of Louis. Concerned Louis is encouraging Henry the Young to demand inheritance.
106
Who succeeds King David of Scotland?
Malcolm of Scotland.
## Footnote
When: 1153.
107
What happens between Henry II, Becket, and a papal legate in Normandy?
Henry II and papal legates agree on compromises regarding the constitutions of Clarendon, Becket does not.
## Footnote
When: November 1167.
108
When is Henry II's third Welsh expedition?
1165
## Footnote
Outcome: Failure, with Henry II almost being killed.
109
What are Henry II's priorities after the Great Rebellion?
Reversion to status quo - lands and castles mostly reverted to pre-rebellion, no more rebellions - homage from sons except Henry the Young who gives security.
110
What does Henry II give to each of his sons after the Great Rebellion?
Henry the Young: castles in Normandy and £15,000 annually; Richard: two mansions in Poitou and a share of the county's revenues; Geoffrey: share of the revenues of Brittany on marriage to Conan IV's daughter, Constance.
111
Where did fighting begin in the Great Rebellion?
Pacy
## Footnote
When: May 1173.
112
How is Henry II threatened in May 1173?
Attack on Rouen by Louis and attack on Amirale by the Count of Flanders.
113
What does Richard de Luci capture in the Great Rebellion?
Leicester
## Footnote
When: July 1173.
114
When do Flanders, Boulogne and the Bretons drop out of the Great Rebellion?
August 1173
## Footnote
Count of Boulogne dies - brother Count of Flanders drops out too because of this. Ralph de Fougeres captured.
115
When is Robert earl of Leicester captured?
September 1173.
