General Cards Lectures 1-15 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What is E-C coupling?
A
Excitation-contraction coupling is the signalling event which causes muscle contraction
2
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?
A
Force
Movement
Support
Energy to heat
3
Q
Where is smooth muscle located?
A
Hollow Organs
4
Q
What are the 3 types of muscle?
A
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
5
Q
What charge does the intracellular space have at rest?
A
Negative which generates an electrical gradient
6
Q
At resting membrane potential, what are the concentrations of Na and K?
A
Inside:
High K
Low Na
7
Q
How are sodium and potassium gradients maintained?
A
Active Pumps
8
Q
What combination of mobility and stability do synovial joints have?
A
High mobility
Low stability
9
Q
Describe the PCL
A
Posterior to the tibia to the anterior of the femur
Restricts anterior displacement of the femur
10
Q
Describe the ACL
A
Anterior to the tibia to posterior of the femur
Restricts posterior displacement of the femur
11
Q
What are the cruciate ligaments of the knee?
A
ACL
PCL
12
Q
Muscles of the hamstring?
A
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendonosis
13
Q
What happens when force plateaus?
A
Not enough calcium is moved out of the system causing tetanus
14
Q
What is an agonist vs an antagonist?
A
Agonist acts concentrically and antagonist acts eccentrically.
15
Q
Isometric?
A
Tension does not outweigh load and there is no change in the muscle, it is stationary
16
Q
Eccentric?
A
Tension lesser than the load, muscle elongates
17
Q
Concentric?
A
Tension is greater than the load, so it will shorten and lift (normal movement)
18
Q
What is the myofilament composed of?
A
Actin
Myosin
19
Q
What are the key soft tissues for bone?
A
Cartilage
DFCT
20
Q
What does cartilage make up?
A
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
21
Q
What is the purpose of connective tissue in muscles?
A
Lubricant
Collects at ends to form tendons
22
Q
What does the epithelial tissue contain?
A
Epithelia (layers)
- Apical
- Basolateral
Glands
23
Q
What are the types of rotation?
A
Lateral
Medial
Around the long axis of a joint
24
Q
What does osmosis balance?
A
Tonicity in inter-extra-cellular spaces
25
What is the function of DFCT
Resist tension
26
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
27
What are the three classifications of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
28
What are the 2 types of bone tissues?
Compact
Cancellous
29
Describe compact bone?
Strong, transmits force in one direction
30
What are the 2 girdles?
Pelvic
Pectoral
31
Describe flat bones?
Thin plates of compact bone
Muscle attachment (scapula)
32
What are the three types of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
33
What is the SR?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
Stores calcium
34
What is actin?
A structural element that allows pulling - like a rope
35
Describe the function of bone cells?
Osteogenic are stem cells which make osteoblasts
Osteoblasts are the makers
Osteoclasts are the breakers
Osteocytes maintain protein and minerals.
36
Describe the process of E-C Coupling?
Signal transmitted down T-tubules triggering a release of Ca stores, triggering a contraction.
Once it is over, the Ca is pumped against the concentration gradient back into the SR.
37
What is myosin?
Thick filament which acts as a motor module, generating force to pull.
38
Describe cross-bridge cycling?
Myofilament finishes power-stroke and actin is still attached to the myosin.
Binding of ATP causes the myosin to release.
This causes it to burn energy and get ready to pull on the actin again.
If calcium is still present, a cross-bridge will form, the myosin will pull, shortening the sarcomere and creating a contraction.
39
What are the 3 types of muscle action?
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric
40
What is the role of a stabiliser?
Hold a joint still/ prevent movement of a joint.
41
What is the anterior concentric action?
Flexion
42
Neutralisers?
Eliminates unwanted movement caused by another muscle
43
What is the lateral concentric action?
Abduction
44
What is the posterior concentric movement
Extension
45
What is the medial concentric movement?
Adduction
46
What is the triceps brachii movement?
Extension in shoulder and elbow
47
What are the quad muscles?
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medius
Intermedius
Lateralis
48
Movement of hamstrings?
Extension at the hip
Flexion and rotation at the knee
49
Tibialis Anterior Movement?
Dorsiflexion
50
What is recruitment?
The process of activating more fibres for more force
51
what fibre type (fast or slow) has lots of blood vessels?
Slow so that they are infatigugable
52
How far can a fibre shorten?
Up to 50%
53
What % of tissue does muscle make up?
50%
54
What is a synovial joint?
Many tissues
Lots of movement
55
Distal?
Down limb
56
Anterior?
Front
57
Posterior?
Back
58
Superior?
Up
59
Lateral?
Side
60
Medial?
Middle
61
Inferior?
Down
62
Proximal?
Up limb
63
Coronal plane?
(front and back sections)
Vertically front and back
64
Sagittal Plane?
Vertical side to side
65
How many bones are in the vertebral column
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Total of 24
66
Transverse Plane?
Horizontal by hips
67
Saggital Plane Movement?
Back and forwards
Flexion and Extension
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
68
Does flexion or extension increase angle?
Extension
69
Which sagittal movement moves feet towards the face?
Dorsiflexion
70
What are the types of coronal movement?
Abduction and Adduction
Inversion and Eversion
71
Which coronal movement causes the sole of the foot to turn towards the mid-line?
Inversion
72
What is circumduction?
Combination of all 4 movements
73
What do our bones protect?
Major organs
74
Describe short bones?
Equal in width and length
Mostly cancellous
Weight bearing
75
Describe long bones?
Long
Have epiphysis and diaphysis
Act as levers
76
Irregular bones?
Any bone that does not fit into any other category
77
Describe cancellous bone?
Light and spongy
Shock absorbing in all directions
78
What is an axial skeleton?
Bones of the core (mostly flat)
79
What is an appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the limbs (long bones)
80
What vertebrae are the ribs attached to?
Thoracic
81
Hand structure?
8 Carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges (2 in thumb)
82
Foot structure
7 tarsals
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges
83
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle
Scapula
84
What is anatomy?
The structure of an organ system and the relationship of its parts
85
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
Hip bones
- Coccyx
- Pubis
- Ilium
- Ischium
Sacrum
86
Pivot?
Uniaxial
Rotation
e.g. Radio Ulnar
87
Condylar Joint?
Biaxial
Flexion (rotation when flexed)
e.g. Knee
88
Ball and Socket
Multiaxial
89
Ellipsoid?
Biaxial
Flexion
Abduction
e.g. wrist
90
Saddle
Biaxial
Abduction
Flexion
91
Describe a plane joint?
Multiaxial
Flat
e.g. intercarpal joints
92
Hinge joint
Uniaxial
Flexion and extension
e.g. ankle
93
What are the 7 types of synovial joint?
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Ellipsoid
Saddle
Ball and Socket
94
Describe the structure of bones
Osteons
- Pathways
Canaliculi
- Channels for osteocytes
Central canal
- For blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae
- Resist forces
Lacunae
- Lakes for osteocytes
95
Function of hyaline cartilage
Resist compression
High water content
Create smooth/frictionless surface
96
What is muscle tension dependent on?
Number of muscle fibres
Rate of which it is stimulated
97
What are the two types of connective tissue?
Blood
Lymph
98
What is physiology?
Function of an organ
99
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
Loose
- Areolar
- Adipose
- Reticular
Dense
- Regular
- Irrengular
- Elastic
100
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Red blood cell production
101
What mineralised ions can bones store?
Calcium
Phosphate
102
What is the function of the epithelial tissue?
Provide protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Provide secreations
103
What are the fibrocartilaginous pads? (menisci)
Small structures made of fibrocartilage to: fill in space
deepen articulation
shock support
104
Describe the function of a joint capsule
secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
Loose for movement
Tight and thick for support when required.
105
Describe bone remodelling
Osteoblasts add more bone matrix in lamellae
Osteoclasts remove bone from medullary cavity
106
What are the four types of bone cells?
Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
107
What are the types of muscle roles?
Agonist
Antagonist
Stabiliser
Neutraliser
108
Movement of the triceps surae?
Knee flexion
Ankle - plantarflexion
109
Describe the function of fibrocartilage
Resist tension and compression
Acts as a shock absorber
110
What is in DFCT?
Fibroblasts
Collagen fibres
(some) elastin
111
What is depolarisation?
Chemical stimulus opening sodium ion channels once stimulus is removed, so the negative the Na and the cell is repolarised to resting potential.
112
What is a sacromere?
Contractive unit inside muscle
113
What is the cell membrane that lines muscle fibres?
Sarcolemma
114
Describe pennate vs. parallel
Parallel vertically arranged so less CSA and more shortening.
Pennate arranged obliquely so greater CSA and loss shortening
115
What does a greater number of fibre mean?
Greater cross-sectional area greater tension
116
What is the length-tension relationship?
Slack muscle means there is no room for actin to go.
Stretched muscle will cause a weak contraction.
117
Quad movement
Rectus femoris - hip flexion
Knee - extension
118
Gluteus maximus movement?
Extension at the hip
119
Iliopsoas Movement
Flexion at the hip
120
Deltoid Movement
Shoulder
- Flexion
- Abduction
- Extension
121
What are the function of connective tissue
Framework
Transport (fluid/ dissolved)
Protection
Store energy (triglyceride)
Defend body
122
What does DFCT make up?
Ligaments
Tendons
Joint capsules
123
Describe the make up of cartilage
Chondrocytes
Avascular
Collagen Fibres
124
How is rapid signalling enabled
Through chemical and electrical gradients?
125
What is the structure of a muscle
Fibres - to - fisicles - to muscles they have blood vessels
126
What is the cellular structure of a muscles
Myofibrils made of sarcomeres made of myofilaments
127
What are the 3 key proteins in EC-coupling
DHPR (recieves signal)
RvR (allows Ca into cell)
SERCA (moves Ca out)
128
What are the two types of supporting connective tissue
Cartilage
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibro
Bone
129
Location of hamstrings
Ischium (femur for biceps)
Tibia (and fibula for biceps)
130
What is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachii?
Scapula and humerus
Ulna
131
Deltoid attachment?
Scapula and clavicle
Deltoid tuberosity
132
Iliacus and Psoas major location
Iliac fossa and lumbar vertebrae
Femur
133
Gluteus maximus location
Ilium and sacrum
Femur
134
Tibialis Anterior location
Tibia
Tarsals
135
What is the origin and insertion of the bicepts brachii
Scapula
Radial tuberosity
136
Location of the triceps surae?
Femur (gastrocnemius)
Tibia and fibula (soleus)
Calcaneus
137
Location of the quads
Femur, except rectus femoris which attaches at the ilium
Tibia tuberosity
138
What is the concentric movement of the biceps brachii
Should - flexion
Elbow - flexion
Radioulnar - supination
139
What is the role of the t-tubules
Network extensions from the sarcolemma to the SR to conduct electrical signals
140
What is the most common tissue type?
Connective
141
What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
Proper
Fluid
Supporting
142
What is bony congruence
How well bones fit together
If low bony congruence, more soft tissue is needed
143
Describe bone growth (length)
Enabled by growth plates which allow bone to be added above and below
143
Where is the primary and secondary ossification centres?
Primary
Diaphysis
Secondary
Epiphysis
143
What is ossification
Process of turning cartilage in bone (endochondral inside bone)
144
What is feedback
Attempt to restore variable to normal
145
What are the extracellular components of bone
33% organic
- collagen (for tension)
67% inorganic
- calcium
146
What is the interaction between myosin and actin called
Crossbridging
147
What is a cartilaginous joint
Fibrocartilage
Some movement
148
What is a fibrous joint
DFCT
Limit movement (ligaments)
149
What are the parts of a joint?
Bone ends
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Synovial membrane
Ligaments
