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PHAY0010 > General Content > Flashcards

General Content Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 stages of the Cambridge-Calgary model?

A

Initiating the session, gathering information, physical examination, explanation and planning, and closing the session.

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2
Q

What are the 2 roles of the Cambridge-Calgary model?

A

Provides structure
Builds relationship with patient

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3
Q

What test is used to establish smoking habbits?

A

Fagerstorm test

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4
Q

Name a slow-release NRT product

A

Patch

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5
Q

Name 3 immediate-release NRT products

A

Mouth Spray
Gum
Nasal spray

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6
Q

What strengths and time periods does NRT patches come in

A

7mg, 14mg, 21mg
16 or 24 hours

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7
Q

When should a 24 hour NRT patch be given over 16 hour?

A

If the patient experiences cravings first thing in the morning

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8
Q

When should a patient be given 16 hour NRT patch instead of 24 hour patch?

A

If experiencing sleeping disturbances from 24 hour patch

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9
Q

Give some complications of smoking

A

Cardiac complications
Lung cancer
COPD
Oral cancers
Stomach cancers and ulcers
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Skin aging

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10
Q

After how many years does a smoking quitter’s risk of lung cancer reduce by half?

A

10 years

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11
Q

After how many years does a smoking quitter’s risk of heart attack equal someone who never smoked?

A

15 years

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12
Q

What is the max dose of a NRT mouth spray

A

4 sprays per hour

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13
Q

What NRT product would be used to mimic hand to mouth action of smoking

A

Nicotine inhalator

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14
Q

What are the 6 stages of cycle of change for smoking cessation

A

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse

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15
Q

What are the 5 main principles for motivational interviewing for smoking cessation

A

Express empathy
Develop discrepancy
Avoid argumentation
Roll with resistance
Support self efficacy

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16
Q

What are the 5 principles of a GPhC inspection?

A

Governance
Staffing
Premises
Services
Equipment and facilities

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17
Q

What is One Health

A

An approach that integrates the health of humans, animals and ecosystems to optimise health

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18
Q

Why is One Health important

A

Integrating different professionals from animals, humans and ecosystems is more effective as they are all linked to the transmission of disease

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19
Q

What is disease spillover?

A

Disease being spread from animals to humans

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20
Q

What is 2 main issues of One Health

A

AMR
Zoonotic spillover

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21
Q

What encourages zoonotic spillover

A

Land-use change
Wildlife trade
Intensified livestock production
Climate change

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22
Q

What are the 6 aims of One Health

A

Prevent outbreaks of zoonotic disease
Improve food safety and security
Reduce AMR
Improve human and animal health
Protect global health security
Protecting biodiversity and conservation

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23
Q

How is intensive farming linked to pandemics?

A

Found in countries with weaker regulations for practice (developing)
Export globally
Overcrowding, overuse of antibiotics, changes to animal diet promotes mutations, deforestation

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24
Q

How does climate change affect disease transmission

A

Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns alters the distributions of animals

25
What is PHEIC (public health emergencies of international concern)
The highest form of emergency initiated by WHO
26
What are the roles of PHEIC
Catalyse timely evidence-based action Limit impacts of emerging disease Prevent unwarranted travel and trade restrictions
27
What are the 4 criteria for PHEIC
Is the public health impact of the event serious Is the event unusual or unexpected Is there significant risk for international spread Is there significant risk for international travel and trade restrictions
28
Where was the Mpox endemic?
Africa but also seen in Europe
29
What are the 2 forms of Mpox
Clade I: Central African Clade II: West African
30
Does Mpox have a high or low mortality rate
Low
31
What makes someone at higher risk of Mpox mortality
Immunocompromised, eczema, pregnancy, children
32
What is Mpox caused by
monkeypox virus, an orthopoxvirus
33
How long does Mpox take to resolve
2-4 weeks, self-limiting
34
What has allowed for the reduction of Mpox cases
Availability of vaccine
35
Who is most affected by Mpox
31-40 year old men sexually active amongst men
36
Describe the Mpox rash
Deep-seated Well-circumscribed lesions Central umbilication (donut shape)
37
What are the symptoms of Mpox?
Rash Fever Swollen lymph nodes Muscle aches Anogenital pain and bleeding
38
How is Mpox distinguished from chickenpox
Lab testing
39
How is Mpox transmitted
Enters through broken skin, respiratory tract or mucous membranes from infected animals or humans Direct contact with Mpox lesions Coughing and sneezing from an infected person Potentially though clothing and linen
40
How is Mpox spread prevented
Hygiene measures (wash hands) Avoid skin to skin contact (animals and humans) Wash bedding and clothes Avoid contact with infected animal 6 week quarantine period
41
What is the main treatment for Mpox
Pain management No current treatment for viral infection
42
What is Tpoxx
Experimental antiviral drug available in the US for severe disease Reduced viral load in the body
43
Give 2 Mpox vaccines
Jynneos Imvanex
44
What is the dosing regimen for Mpox vaccines
2 doses 1st: SC 2nd: Intradermal 2 SC doses can be used
45
What are the 3 main psychological reasons for working in teams
Social contact hypothesis Social perspective taking Social signalling
46
What is social contact hypothesis
Working with other people regularly breaks down misconceptions and stereotypes We see people as individuals as opposed to a title or a role Improves social cohesion
47
What is social perspective taking
Shifting the way we think about one another and ourselves Greater cooperation Learn how to get along with people Transferred from work life to personal lives
48
What is social signalling
The way people perceive us leads to us making adjustments to ourselves
49
What are the 3 fundamental factors that shape the type of team member a person is
Internal psychological traits Professional education Intra, inter and extra-professional socialisation
50
What are the Big Five of the Trait Theory
Openness Conscientiousness extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
51
What are the 3 methods use to make decisions
Reasoning from first principles Application of rules Pattern recognition
52
What is reasoning from first principles
Using the basic principles (logic) to solve an issue, e.g using chemical structure Pros: Safe and accurate Cons: Slow and time consuming Pharmacists are taught to solve problems this way
53
What is application of rules for decision making
E.g applying first-line treatments to a patient Commonly used as a working pharmacist Pros: fast and still accurate Cons: doesn’t work if the rule no longer applies to the situation
54
What is pattern recognition for decision making
Matching a current pattern to one that you have dealt with in the past E.g treating a patient with a common illness Instantaneously know the solution Pros: fast, appears confident and mostly correct (90%) Cons: too fast and overconfident, missing details Commonly used by medical students
55
What is intra, inter and extra-professional socialisation
Intra-professional: learning rules of pharmacy Inter-professional: what other HCPs think about pharmacy Extra-professional: what society thinks about pharmacy
56
What are the 2 cognitive models for trust
Story-based Problem-based
57
What is first-line therapy for gonorrhoea
Single IM injection of ceftriaxone, dose being 1g, recommended by BASHH
58
Treatment for gonorrhoea for penicillin allergic
Only anaphylaxis - gentamicin 240mg IM injection plus oral azithromycin 2g
59
What further investigations and follow ups are required for positive gonorrhoea
Inform sexual partners within last 3 months for testing and treatment 1 week follow up after injection (check for symptoms, test of cure, no sex within last 7 days)

PHAY0010 (2 decks)

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