general content

Question 1

adaptation

Answer 1

changes organisms undergo to become more suited to their environment

Question 2

anatomical adptn

Answer 2

changes to physical features of an organism to help it cope with factors in its environment

Question 3

behavioural adptn

Answer 3

the ways in which an organism acts differently to cope with factors in its environment

Question 4

physiological adptn

Answer 4

internal body changes that an organism undergoes to cope with factors in its environment

Question 5

allele

Answer 5

alternative/ different
form/ version/ varation
of a gene

Question 6

biodiversity

Answer 6

measure of the variety of life in an area

Question 7

classification

Answer 7

a way of organising the variety of life based on relationships between organisms using differences and similarities in phenotypes and genotypes

Question 8

evolution

Answer 8

the change in a populations INHERITED characteristics over MANY GENERATIONS

Question 9

heterozygosity index

Answer 9

a measure of the proportion of a population which is heterozygotic /
measure of diversity within a species/ population

Question 10

H=

Answer 10

number of heterozygotes/ number of individuals in population

Question 11

niche

Answer 11

position occupied by an organism in its ecosystem

Question 12

species

Answer 12

organisms that are able to breed together to produce fertile offspring

Question 13

species richness

Answer 13

number of different species in a habitat

Question 14

natural selection geo iso speciation

Answer 14

geo iso / change
selection pressures act differently in diff areas
different allele frequencies within populations
evolution leading to formation of new species

Question 15

decr pop due to iso

Answer 15

endangerment due to only one pop of partic species
vulnerable to inbreeding depression
natural disaster/disease/ predation/ other natural pressures
may become extinct

Question 16

measuring biodiversity

Answer 16

counting species-> no of individuals per species
diversity index
genetic diversity of populations/ species
rare species
species richness

Question 17

hardy weinberg eq

Answer 17

used to estimate frequency of alleles in a population
also can monitor changes in allele frequency

Question 18

HW full equation

Answer 18

p + q= 1
q^2 + 2pq + p^2 = 1

Question 19

conditions of HW eq

Answer 19

no mutations
random mating
large population
isolated population
no selection pressure

Question 20

molecular phylogeny

Answer 20

analysis of molecular differences in different organisms to determine the extent of their evolutionary relationship

Question 21

cellulose monomer

Answer 21

beta glucose

Question 22

how are these monomers are held together in a
cellulose molecule?

Answer 22

glycosidic bonds
unbranched chain

Question 23

calcium pectate

Answer 23

in matrix
microfibrils are embedded in
middle lamella

Question 24

structure of cellulose molecule

Answer 24

polymer of beta glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
every other monomer inverted
6 carbon atoms in monomer
no additional side chains

Question 25

starch structure

Answer 25

polysaccharide of alpha glucose 1,4 glycosidic links unbranched and branched chains/ amylose and amylopectin branches joined to chains by 1,6 glycosidic links

Question 26

glycogen features

Answer 26

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds branched

Question 27

endangered species

Answer 27

species threatened with extinction

Question 28

methods conservation of endangered species

Answer 28

keep in natural habitat- provide support system there- national/ marine park capture species and keep in captivity - zoos/ botanic garden

Question 29

conservation

Answer 29

protection and management of species for future generations

Question 30

seed bank

Answer 30

facility conserving plant diversity by drying and storing seeds in a temp controlled env

Question 31

adv of seed bank

Answer 31

cost effective to store seeds space efficient less labour intensive seeds can be stored anywhere less vulnerable to disease/ natural disaster/ vandalism

Question 32

disad of seed bank

Answer 32

testing seeds for viability is exp and time consuming too expensive to store all types of seeds and test all for viability challenging to collect seeds from plants growing in remote habitats

Question 33

adv of zoo

Answer 33

very helpful for research animals can be easily studied/ observed compared to being done in wild educate public ab conservation/ endangered species

Question 34

disad zoos

Answer 34

may reduce genetic diversity some animals wont breed in captivity animals may have v specific needs (habitat) which zoos cannot provide animals will have diff behaviours in captivity vs wild - studies may not be accurate

Question 35

reintroduction to wild adv

Answer 35

prevent extinction in wild organisms may rely on plants/animals for food restores degraded habitats

Question 36

reintroduction disadv

Answer 36

may carry new diseases animals lack ability to find food/communicate/ escape being hunted

Question 37

phase 1 modern CT

Answer 37

small group healthy volunteers side effects/ reactions

Question 38

phase 2 modern CT

Answer 38

larger group patients efficacy dosage

Question 39

phase 3 modern clinical trials

Answer 39

comparing drug to existing drugs two groups one new drug one old drug

Question 40

step drug testing (B4 CT)

Answer 40

modelling potential effects of drug using computers test on tissues test on animals move to CT

Question 41

placebos

Answer 41

usually in phase 2 CT double blind trials efficacy of drug

Question 42

conditions for bacterial growth

Answer 42

nutrients oxygen (for those which respire aerobically) optimal temp and pH

Question 43

sustainability

Answer 43

using resources to meet requirements of current generation without depleting resources for future generations

Question 44

sustainable practices

Answer 44

minimise damage done to environment/ resources to ensure there will be some left for next generation

Question 45

starch sustainability

Answer 45

excess sugar stores used to make bioplastics requires less fossil fuels to produce plants can be replanted (renewable) used to make bioethanol- fuel

Question 46

granum

Answer 46

formed from many layers of thylakoid membranes increase SA thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll to absorb light electron carrier molecules in thylakoid membrane involved in ATP production