General Development And Management

Question 1

What is child development?

Answer 1

Development- orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and neurological structures, through processes and behaviours
Maturation- a universal sequence of biological events occurring in the body and the brain that permits a psychological function to appear

Question 2

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 2

The abilities required in order to control the large muscles of the body for walking, running, sitting, crawling and other activities

Question 3

At what age should a child be sitting without support?

Answer 3

8 months

Question 4

At what age should a child be crawling?

Answer 4

6-9 months

Question 5

At what age should a child be standing with assistance?

Answer 5

8-10 months

Question 6

At what age should a child be walking with assistance?

Answer 6

12 months

Question 7

At what age should a child be standing alone?

Answer 7

11 months

Question 8

At what age should a child be walking alone?

Answer 8

8-18 months

Question 9

What is fine motor skill?

Answer 9

Coordination of small muscle movements which occur e.g. in the fingers, usually in coordination with the eyes

Question 10

What are some clinical implications of motor development?

Answer 10

Oral hygiene instruction
Getting in the dental chair
Detection of non-accidental injury

Question 11

What is cognitive development?

Answer 11

The development of intelligence, conscious thought and problem solving ability which begins in infancy

Question 12

What are the three theory’s of cognitive development?

Answer 12

Cognitive theory- focuses on thinking, interpretation, learning and remembering
Behaviourism theory- directed by environmental influences
Psychodynamic theory- man has instinctive drives, aggression activity

Question 13

What are the eating habits of a child?

Answer 13

Birth-6 months- breast/bottle fed
6-12 months- weaning foods- no salt/honey
12 months- can eat family dinners
18 months- weaned

Question 14

In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is sensorimotor 0-2 years?

Answer 14

Learning is through taste, touch and sound
Develop problem solving skills
Achieve object permanence

Question 15

In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is pre-operational thought 2-7 years?

Answer 15

Learning to predict outcomes of behaviour

Thought patterns poorly developed and egocentric

Question 16

In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is concrete operations 7-11 years?

Answer 16

Logical reasoning
Can consider another person’s point of view
Can assess more than one aspect of a situation
Abstract thought not well developed
Reasoning from own experience

Question 17

In Piaget’s stages view of cognitive theory what is formal operations 11 years?

Answer 17

Logical abstract thinking is developed
Different possibilities for action can be considered
Deductive reasoning

Question 18

What is the meaning of perceptual?

Answer 18

To make sense of the world, infants have to perceive it and research into the development of sensory and perceptual abilities is one of the most exciting and important areas of infancy research

Question 19

Perceptual development

Hearing

Answer 19

6-8 weeks- responds to sounds
4 months- move or react when someone speaks or makes a noise
1 year old- turn around if a parent is calling from behind, recognises own name
7 year old- can determine which messages merit attention

Question 20

Perceptual development

Vision

Answer 20

Neonate- poor colour discrimination, limited visual fields
9-12 months- can spot a small object nearby, watches face and tries to imitate impressions, visually alert to new people, objects and surroundings
2 years- optic myelinisation complete
3 years- retinal tissue is mature
6 years- scan in on an object, fixate on detail

Question 21

What is speech?

Answer 21

Speech is the verbal expression of language and includes articulation, which is the way words are formed

Question 22

What is language?

Answer 22

Language is much boarder and refers to the entire system of expressing and receiving information in a way that’s meaningful

Question 23

At what age should babies start babbling?

Answer 23

6 months

Question 24

At what age should babies start saying mama and dada and responding to their name?

Answer 24

12 months

Question 25

At what age should babies be able to say single words, make animal sounds and follow simple instructions?

Answer 25

18 months

Question 26

At what age should babies be able to understand “no”, use 10 to 20 words, including names?

Answer 26

1-2 years | Parents should understand 50% of speech at this age

Question 27

At what age should babies be able to identify body parts, have a 450-word vocabulary, understand simple time concepts, like to hear the same story repeated?

Answer 27

2-3 years | At this age parents should understand 75% of speech

Question 28

At what age should children be able to tell a story , have a sentence length of 4-5 words, have a vocabulary of nearly 1000 words and know his or her last name, name of their street and nursery rhymes?

Answer 28

3-4 years | At this age they should be understood by people that don’t know them

Question 29

What is social development?

Answer 29

The development of the personality, and the acquisition of social attitudes and skills, from infancy through maturity

Question 30

At infancy what social development should a child have?

Answer 30

Makes eye contact | Smiles 6 weeks, laughs 16 weeks

Question 31

What social development should a child have in early childhood?

Answer 31

Learn sharing and turn taking | Learn to approach others

Question 32

What social development should a child have when they are in school years?

Answer 32

Increased self confidence Friendships become more important Fairness and equality become more important

Question 33

What social development should a child have at an adolescence age?

Answer 33

Socially centred | Friendships take priority

Question 34

At age 9-12 months what are the child’s fears?

Answer 34

Loud noise | Separation

Question 35

At age 2-4 years what are the child’s fears?

Answer 35

Imaginary objects

Question 36

At age 4 years what are a child’s fears?

Answer 36

Dark | Unknown

Question 37

At age 5-6 years what are a child’s fears?

Answer 37

Social and school fears

Question 38

At age 6-16 years what are a child’s fears?

Answer 38

Injury Death Natural events Social anxiety

Question 39

What are the 3 parenting styles?

Answer 39

Authoritarian- rules and order Permissive- few rules, freedom for child Authoritative- try to show responsibility for behaviour

Question 40

What is the aim when treating a child?

Answer 40

To successfully complete treatment as required and have the patient, parent and dental team consider it has been a positive encounter

Question 41

What is the role of the parent in the child’s treatment?

Answer 41

``` They decide: When to bring child to the dentist Which dentist they go to What foods they eat Preventative regime And they are required to give consent ```

Question 42

What is the role of the dentist in the child’s dental treatment?

Answer 42

They should be able to put young patients and their parents at ease They should show interest in their problems They should be able to help people relax They should communicate effectively

Question 43

What is the role of the rest of the dental team in the child’s dental treatment?

Answer 43

Remember dental receptionist and dental nurse are the first people the parent and child encounter Therefore first impressions are very important

Question 44

What are the implications for dentistry on the parent-child relationship?

Answer 44

``` Parental perceptions are passed to the child Attitude to dental health Dietary habits Overprotective parents Parental anxiety is passed to the child ```

Question 45

What is the classification of co-operation?

Answer 45

Pre-cooperative Potentially cooperative Cooperative Lacking cooperative ability

Question 46

How do you gain a child’s cooperation?

Answer 46

``` Promote positive behaviour Show interest in child as an individual Give well stated instructions Communicate at child’s level Focus on the positives Show ethnic, cultural and gender sensitivity Use stimulating visual distractors Use verbal and non verbal communication Realistic and achievable treatment goals ```