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Immunology > General Immunology > Flashcards

General Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What two broad categories is the immune system divided into?

A

Innate and Adaptive

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2
Q

What’s the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate – quick response, first line of defence

Adaptive – delayed response, second line of defence

NB. these two systems work together

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3
Q

What are the key players of the innate immune system? (5)

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Mast cells

Complement proteins

Inflammatory mediators (chemical)

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4
Q

Which cells initiate the adaptive immune system?

A

T-Cells

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5
Q

What are the key players of the adaptive immune system?

A

T-Cells

B-Cells.

(+ Memory cells)

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6
Q

What do B-cells secrete?

A

Antibodies

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7
Q

What do T-Cells differentiate into?

A

T-Killer cells

T-Helper cells

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8
Q

When an antibody combines with an antigen it can be eliminated by which cells?

A

Phagocytes

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9
Q

What are the two main divisions of the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral (B-Cells)

Cell-mediated (T-Cells)

NB. These two divisions work together to destroy pathogens.

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10
Q

What is the job of phagocytes?

A

Innate immunity, first line of defence. Engulf and consume pathogen.

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11
Q

What happens if the phagocytes can’t destroy the pathogen?

A

The pathogen is presented (by the phagocytes) to the adaptive immunity.

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12
Q

What do T-Cells differentiate into?

A

Killer T-Cells

Helper T-Cells

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13
Q

T-Helper Cells activate ……….. to secrete ………

A

B-cells, antibodies

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14
Q

Naïve T Cells, and Naïve B-Cells originate from which cell?

A

Progenitor Lymphoid Cell

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15
Q

How do naïve T Cells become activated?

A

When they are presented with an infected phagocyte within an antigen MHC (major histocompatibility complex) Class I

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16
Q

Once activated, naïve T Cells become……

A

Cytotoxic T Cells (these kill infected cells)

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17
Q

What is the job of T-Helper Cells? (3)

A

Enhance immune response by:

Activating B-Cells

Acivating NK (natural Killer) Cells

Activating macrophages

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18
Q

What do naïve B-Cells have? (derived from progenitor lymphoid cells)

A

Antibodies

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19
Q

What type of cells are used for 2nd exposure of an antigen?

A

Memory B Cells

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20
Q

What are opsonins?

A

They are antibodies that bind with antigens to act as markers so that phagocytes can recognise foreign cells and destroy them.

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21
Q

What does ‘humoral’ mean?

A

‘of or related to body fluids’

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22
Q

What is an antibody?

A

It’s a type of globular protein that reacts with a specitic antigen

23
Q

What are the three different types of antibodies?

A

Opsonins

Agglutinins

Lysins

24
Q

Antibodies are produced by which type of lymphocyte?

A

B Cells (or B Lymphocytes)

25
Q

What type of cells to B Cells produce after encountering an antigen for the first time? (2)

A

Memory Cells

Plasma Cells

26
Q

The humoral response of adaptive immunity uses……

A

soluble antibodies in the blood and lymph

27
Q

What is Cell-mediated response (part of adaptive immunity)

A

Cells rather than antibodies are produced which are specific to the antigens on the invading pathogens.

28
Q

Where do T Cells mature?

A

Thymus

29
Q

What cell is used in Cell-mediated response?

A

T Cells (type of lymphocyte)

(especially helper T cells)

30
Q

What happens when a helper T Cell meets an antigen? (2)

A

It divides mitotically. Some of the divided cells remain in the blood and lymph as memory cells.

Other cells activate other cells in the immune system.

31
Q

What cells do helper T cells activate in the immune system? (4)

A

macrophages (large phagocytotic wbc)

killer T Cells

Suppressor T Cells

also.. they activate B cells, therefore humoral and cell-mediated responses work together

32
Q

What is the function of suppressor T cells?

A

general regulation of the immune system by ‘switching off’ or suppressing immune responses when appropriate.

33
Q

What are cytokines?

A

small protein molecules.

Activators and inhibitors of cell signalling pathways for growth, differentiation and behaviour of cells within the immune system.

Interferons are a group of cytokines.

34
Q

Where do T-Cell precursors migrate to?

A

Thymus

35
Q

Where do immature B-Cell migrate to?

A

Lymph nodes (but they have to wait for a signal before they become activated)

36
Q

Where are leukocytes made?

A

Bood marrow – as stem cells

37
Q

Where do the granulocytes migrate to (after being produced in the bone marrow)?

A

They circulate in the blood stream

38
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Mast cells

(they circulate around the blood stream)

39
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

A

In the Liver (secreted into the bloodstream in an inactive form)

40
Q

What kind of cells will migrate into the tissues (generally)

A

Cells of the innate immune system

41
Q

What is the name of circulating macrophages in the blood stream?

A

Monocyte

42
Q

The process of migration of cells from the bloodstream towards the site of infection in the tissues is called….

A

Diapedesis

43
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

It transports active T Cells and B Cells around the body.

NB. There maybe inactive B-Cells in the blood stream. They have to go to the lymph nodes for activation.

44
Q

Lymphoid precursors circulate in the blood stream and then go to the ….. to become …….

A

Thymus

T-Cells

45
Q

Define inflammation

A

The sum of the host’s defences to infectious or noxious stimuli

46
Q

What is the point of inflammation?

A
  • to bring defence cells to the area
  • inactive/ destroy invaders
  • begin repair
47
Q

If there is no infection, what do you find in lymph nodes?

A

Naive B Cells

Naive T Cells

48
Q

What are the two types of inflammatory mediators?

A
  1. Plasma inflammatory mediators (made by the liver); complement proteins and kinins
  2. Cell-derived inflammatory mediators (derived from the cells)
49
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

glycoproteins on cell surface membranes of B cells. When B cell meets an antigen is produces >> immunoglobulins which when in the blood, act as antibodies.

50
Q

Where does the signal come from for B cells to start producing lots of immunoglobulins (antibodies)?

A

NOT from the antigen.

Signal comes from helper T cells that are specific to the same antigen.

51
Q

When activated, B cells divide rapidly by ………… to produce ……….. cells

A

mitosis

plasma

52
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Produce lots of antibodies after activation of B cell by helper T cell.

53
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The process by which a particular antigen promotes the production of a specific antibody.

54
Q
A

Immunology (1 decks)

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