General Information Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
5 stages of learning geometry
A
- Visualization - recognize and name figures
- Analysis - describe figures and objects
- Informal deduction - classification of figures and objects
- Deduction - involves writing proofs from definitions
- Rigor - work in several geometrical systems
2
Q
Accelerated erosion
A
Constitutes a major source of topographic change
3
Q
Acrostic poem
A
A poem where the first letter of each line spells a word
4
Q
Affix
A
A prefix or suffix
5
Q
Age of Exploration
A
The 15th & 16th centuries
6
Q
Alliteration
A
Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words or within words
7
Q
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
A
Sailed the Gulf Coast in 1519 in search of a strait to the Pacific Ocean
8
Q
Alphabetic knowledge
A
Knowledge of letter names and shapes. Acquired in a sequence that begins with letter names, then letter shapes, and finally letter sounds.
9
Q
Alphabetic principle
A
An understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words
10
Q
Using Syntactic Clues
A
Analyzing what an unfamiliar words’ placement in a sentence suggest about the meaning of the word is an example
11
Q
Anaphora
A
The use of one word in place of another word
12
Q
Anna Mary “Grandma” Moses
A
American artist
13
Q
Attribute Blocks
A
Ideal for working on congruence and similarity
14
Q
A balanced reading program consists of -
A
Explicit, systematic phonics instruction with meaningful, connected reading of informative, engaging text. It includes: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension
15
Q
Ballad
A
Narrative poem (tells a story) set to music
16
Q
Bar graphs
A
Use horizontal or vertical bars to contrast quantities
17
Q
Barbara Jordan
A
First African-American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives in 1973
18
Q
Big books
A
Large, oversized books used in shared reading, usually at the emergent reading level
19
Q
Biography/Autobiography
A
Nonfiction; contains factual information about a real person
20
Q
Blending
A
Combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words
21
Q
Books of True Experience
A
Nonfiction; true stories about real events from a person’s life or parts of his/her life
22
Q
Caddos
A
Coastal Plains. Hunters, fishers, farmers. The Caddo word for friends or allies is “Tejas” which is where “Texas” comes from
23
Q
Cause and Effect
A
Lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects
24
Q
Choral reading
A
Takes place when a group of students or an entire class reads out loud
25
Cinquain
A short, unrhymed poem consisting of 22 syllables distributed as 2, 4, 6, 8,2 in five lines
26
Circle graphs, or pie charts
Representing the relationship that each part has to be whole
27
Civics
Study of how society maintains order through government institutions and the political process
28
Cloze Procedure
An assessment method used to determine readability of a text that involves deleting words from the text and leaving blank spaces
29
Comparison/Contrast
Explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different
30
Comprehension
Getting meaning from written text. Activating and using background knowledge, generating and asking questions, making inferences, predicting, summarizing, visualizing
31
Congruent Figures
Have exactly the same size
32
Consonant Blend
Consists of two or more consonants together in such a way that each is heard - like the blend of b and l in the word "blend"
33
Consonant Diagraph
Consist of two consonants that together represent one sound - like the "ph" sound in the word "diagraph"
34
Content Literacy
Used to describe the ability to use written texts as sources of information about a given topic or area
35
Continental Drift
Change in the positions of continents over long periods of time
36
Contractions
Reductions
37
Counting Bars
Illustrates congruence and similarity
38
Cultural Geography
Focuses on the relationships between people and their physical environments
39
Decodable Text
Text in which most of the words are made up of sound-letter relationships that have been taught, but that contain enough high-frequency irregular, and story words to make them sound natural
40
Decoding
The process of translating written words using letter-sound correspondence and blending the sounds into words
41
Diamante
A seven-lined poem set up in a diamond shape
42
Dilations
Expansions
43
Diphthong
A vowel pain in which the sound glides from one vowel to the other, or two vowels make another sound - oi, oy, ou, ow, and oe
44
Directed Reading Activity (DRA)
Teacher activates and develops schemata by linking the topic of the text to students' own experiences or finding ways to get students interested in an unfamiliar topic (teacher director activity)
45
Drama
Fictional play/story; plot carried by dialogue
46
Effective Sequence for Phoneme Introduction
1. Phoneme comparison in the following order: beginning, ending, middle sounds
2. Phoneme blending
3. Linking letters
4. Manipulating phonemes through deletion, addition, substitution
5. Phoneme segmentation
47
Emergent Literacy
Children's beliefs about and experiences with reading and writing prior to formal instruction
48
Environmental Print
Written text that's observable in one's surroundings - signs, labels, stickers, billboards, brand names
49
Erosion
Breaking down and removal of physical material
50
Evaluative Comprehension
Ability to use critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and aesthetic considerations to evaluate a text
51
Expository Texts
Texts that provide factual information and explanations
52
Expository Writing
Type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform
53
Expressive Language Skills
Speaking and writing
54
Fable
Fiction; short brief stories that teach a lesson or moral
55
Fantasy/Science Fiction
Fiction; plots contain some elements that could not happen in the world as we know it today
56
Flat Character
Not fully developed, we only know one side of the character
57
Fluency Stage
Children become more familiar with written language, and their decoding becomes more automatic as a result of learning more sight words
58
Fluent Reading
Ability to read quickly, accurately, smoothly, and with expression.
59
Folklore
The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth
60
Folktales
Fiction; stories are not intended to be accepted as true, larger-than-life characters and very unusual happenings
61
Form
Three-dimensional quality of objects - depth, height, weight
62
Free Verse
Poetry that lacks rhyme and structured meter
63
Frustration Reading Level
Student pronounces less than 50% of the words correctly and answers less than 70% of questions correctly
64
Geography
The study of the Earth and its inhabitants
65
Graphemes
The letters that spell the sounds in a word; e.g. in the word "cat" the sound /k/ is represented by the grapheme (letter) "c"
66
Graphic Organizer
Visual representation of textual content
67
Graphophonemic
| Knowledge
Letter recognition and letter-sound correspondence
68
Graphophonic Cues
Cues based on letter-sound correspondence that helps readers decode text and determine its meaning (When readers are using letter sounds and their position in words to help decode a word)
69
Guided Reading
The teacher explains the purpose for reading a particular text, as well as the structure for how to respond to what is read. Supports and extends reading process
70
Haiku
An unrhymed Japanese verse consisting of three lines of 5, 7, 5 syllables or 17 syllables in all
71
Harmony
Accompaniment of a song
72
Health-related Fitness
Promote for the development of better health now and in the future
73
Helen Keller
Blind, deaf, and dumb American writer
74
Historical Fiction
Fiction; based on real historical events
75
Historical Probability
Based upon data accumulation over time
76
How to Identify a Student's Word Identification Strategies
Ask the student to explain how he/she figured out a word
77
History
Study of the material record of the past
78
Hue
Name of the color
79
Independent Reading Level
Student pronounces 95% or more of words correctly and shows more than 90% accuracy in response to comprehension questions
80
Inferential Comprehension
Understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but rather implied in a written passage. Make predictions. Reading between the lines.
81
Informational Books/Articles
Nonfiction; contains factual information about a specific subject
82
Initial Reading Stage
Sound out many of the words they read through phonic analysis
83
Inquiry Teaching
When teachers ask and then help students answer questions by proposing hypotheses, gathering and evaluating data, and generating conclusions. This promotes an understanding of the Scientific Method
84
Instructional Reading Level
Student pronounces 90-94% of the words correctly and 70-89% of the questions correctly
85
Intensity
Brightness or dullness of color
86
Intonation
Patterns of pitch that contribute to the meanings of phrases and sentences
87
Invented or Temporary Spelling
Helps to increase phonemic awareness and increases knowledge of spelling patterns
88
Irregular/High-Frequency Words
Words that appear often in printed English (e.g. a, the in, to, no, you, for), but are not readily decodable in the early stages of reading instruction
89
K-W-L Teaching Model
K - What I know
W - What I want to know
L - What I learned
Relies on metacognition
90
Karankawas
Along the Texas coast, lived in family groups and had a nomadic lifestyle
91
Legend
Fiction; plots center around adventures of heroic figures
92
Leveled Books
Books that have been sorted according to level of difficulty so that children and teachers can select books at the child's appropriate reading level
93
Limerick
A rhymed, humorous, nonsense poem of five lines with the last line ending in a surprise twist. Highly controlled - lines 1, 2, and 5 rhyme. Lines 3 and 4 rhyme
94
Line
Mark made by moving a tool across a surface
95
Line graphs
Show changes in quantity and other variables over time
96
Literal Comprehension
Refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage. (Main idea, sequence of events, knowledge of vocabulary)
97
Literary Elements
Character, plot, setting, theme, point of view, tone, style
98
Lyric Poem
Rhythmic and melodic poem
99
Ma Ferguson
First of two women to serve as governor of Texas
100
Mathematical Probability
Based upon chance - the likelihood of an event occurring
101
Mean
Average of a set of continuous data
102
Median
Middle point in a set of continuous data
103
Melody
Tune of a song or piece
104
Metacognition
Awareness of mental contents and processes. If "cognition" refers to thinking, then "metacognition" refers to thinking about thinking.
105
Metaphor
Figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be
106
Meteorology
Branch of Earth Science that concerns climate, weather, and Earth's atmosphere more generally
107
Miscue
A mistake in reading written words such as saying the wrong word, leaving out a word, repeating a word, inserting a word
108
Mode
Most frequently observed number in a set of continuous data
109
Morpheme
Cannot be divided into smaller units without losing its meaning. Some morphemes can stand alone like "dog" or "cat", others cannot such as the prefix "re" or suffix "ly"
110
Most Effective Informal Reading Asssessment
Have the students talk in their own words about what they have read
111
Jane Long
"Mother of Texas" - reputed to have been the first Anglo to bear a child in Texas
112
Mystery
Fiction; plots are fast-paced and revolve around a suspenseful crime or mysterious happening
113
Myth
Fiction; stories revered as truth in the culture
114
Narrative Texts
Those that relate a story or sequence of events
115
1 inch
2.54 cm
116
1 meter
100 cm
117
Onomatopoeia
Words that make a sound
118
Onset & Rime
An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable, and a rime is the remaining set of phonemes in the syllable
119
Oral Recitation Lessons (ORL)
Kind of repeated reading activity exercise based on interactions between teacher and students
120
Organizational Patterns
Spatial, sequence, cause and effect, comparison and contrast
121
Outlier
Data value that is far from the other values in that particular set
122
Outline maps
Maps that contain outlines of geographic regions, such as states, without additional detail
123
Pablo Picasso
Spanish painter and sculptor
124
Partner/Paired Reading
Requires students to work in pairs and take turns reading a passage
125
Phoneme
Separable, individual sounds in a word. Smallest unit of sound in speech.
126
Phoneme Manipulation
Working with phonemes in words - working with onsets and rimes, deleting/adding phonemes, substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word, blending phonemes to make words, segmenting words into phonemes
127
Phonemic Awareness
Ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words
128
Phonics
Refers to the sounds that letters represent
129
Phonics Instruction
Systematic, explicit presentation of sound-letter relationships
130
Phonological Awareness
Awareness of and the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words.
131
Physical Geography
Concerns the physical environments of the Earth
132
Picture Graphs
Illustrates quantities
133
Pie Charts
Show part-whole relationships
134
Pitch
Relates to the exact placement of a note on the staff
135
Plate tectonics
Earth's crust consists of about 20 plates that drift, collide, separate over long periods of time
136
Pragmatics
Rules for effective communication in different contexts
137
Pre-Reading Stage
Alphabetic and graphophonemic knowledge, may be in the process of learning word-analysis skills, but they don't yet have ability to read unfamiliar words
138
Predictable/Pattern Books
Fiction; plots are simple, fast-paced, predictable
139
Primary Sources
Information consist of actual records, first-hand account of events and experiences
140
Print Awareness
Understanding the nature of print, the function it serves, and the conventions governing its use.
141
Prosody
Refers to the pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm of language; meaning of a written sentence, punctuation
142
Puzzle Maps
Maps that the teacher cuts into shapes for students to reassemble
143
Quatrain
Poem consisting of four lines of verse
144
Range
Found by subtracting the smallest value in the data set from the largest value in that set
145
Readers' Theater
A reading activity in which students rehearse and perform a play whose script is derived from a dialogue-rich book; promotes reading fluency and cooperative interaction with peers
146
Reading Fluency
Combination of accuracy and rate. Developed by reading and rereading a large number of stories and informational text that are at an appropriate reading level
147
Reading Levels for Text Material
Frustrational - able to read less than 90% of words correctly
Instructional - can read/understand between 90-95% of text
Independent - reads/understands at least 95%-100% of text
148
Reading to Learn Stage
Attention is focused primarily on content rather than the act of reading itself
149
Realistic Fiction
Fiction; story that can actually happen and is true to life
150
Reflections
Flipping motions
151
Relief Maps
Maps that contain raised features representing the topography of a region
152
Repeated Reading
Method in which children reread a short, meaningful passage until a degree of fluency is achieved
153
Rhythm
Analogous to how the syllables in a sentence sound
154
Rotations
Turning motions
155
Round Character
Fully developed, with many traits - bad and good - shown in the story
156
Running Record
Tool for scoring and analyzing a student's reading ability
157
Salvador Dali
Spanish surrealist painter
158
Schemata
Clusters of ideas about objects, places, and events
159
Sea-Floor Spreading
The creation and movement of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges
160
Secondary Sources
Information consists of descriptions and explanations that are created after a historical event has already taken place
161
Segmenting
Breaking words into individual phonemes, breaking words into syllables, or breaking syllables into onsets and rimes
162
Self-Correction and Feedback
Contributes to greater fluency
163
Semantic
Meaning of words and phrases
164
Sequence
Organized in numerical or chronological order
165
Shape
Two-dimensional area defined by lines, colors, or values
166
Shape poetry
Poem that has the shape of its subject
167
Shared Reading
The teacher reads a story and children join in, talking about the books and stories
168
Silent Reading
Contributes to fluency by allowing children to familiarize themselves with key vocabulary, so that oral reading of the same passage can be based on a higher proportion of words
169
Sight Words
Words children identify quickly, accurately, and effortlessly
170
Similar Figures
Have same shape
171
Simile
Figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words "like" or "as"
172
Six Flags Over Texas
Refers to the fact that flags of six governments have flown over Texas - Spain, France, Mexico, Republic of Texas, Confederate States of America, United States of America
173
Sonnet
Poem consisting of 14 lines with a formal rhyming scheme
174
Space
Area surround shapes and forms
175
Spatial
Organized by actual location in space
176
Spelling Patterns
Patterns of letters or sounds in words that constitute a family, e.g. "an" as in can, man, fan
177
SQ3R Method
Student-directed approach in which students are taught five steps for studying expository texts - Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
178
SSR (Sustained Silent Reading)
Block of time, 15-30 minutes, allotted for students to engage in uninterrupted silent reading for pleasure
179
Steps in the Writing Process
1. Prewriting
2. Drafting
3. Revising
4. Editing
5. Publishing/Sharing
180
Symmetry
Occurs when perfect matching occurs
181
Syntax
Structure of a phrase or sentence
182
Talk-Aloud Activity
Teacher asks questions to guide students through a series of steps they must follow to complete a task
183
Tall Tale
Humorous, exaggerated story with characters who do unbelievable things
184
Tangrams
Suitable for the student who needs the tactile experience with the triangle
185
Tectonics
Branch of geology that concerns the structure of the Earth's crust, as well as changes that take place in the crust over time as a result of folding and faulting
186
Tempo
How fast or slow music is played or sung
187
Tessellations
Tiling patterns, are repeating a shape in a systematic pattern in order to completely fill a space
188
Texture
Visual or actual feel of the surface
189
Think-Aloud
The teacher shares with students the thinking processes that he/she goes through to complete a task
190
Topographic Maps
Maps that use different colors and symbols to represent various geographic characteristics
191
TPRI
Texas Primary Reading Inventory (2 or 3 times a year)
192
Translation
Sliding motions
193
Value
Lightness or darkness of color
194
Visual Discrimination
Ability to compare and contrast objects
195
Vowel Diagraph
Consists of two vowels that together represent one sound - like the "oa" in "boat" that makes the long "o" sound
196
Weathering
Breaking down of physical material
197
Basal Program Advantages
Basal books are controlled in their vocabulary and sentence structure
198
Word Families
Groups of words that have the same ending sound (rime) but a different beginning sound (onset) e.g. can, man, fan
