General Knowledge Flashcards by Fergus Robinson

Why are plants the start of the food chain

Plants make their own food

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Photosynthesis equations

6 carbon dioxide+ 6 water — glucose+ 6 oxygen

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How do stomata open

Guard cells swell in size by absorbing water via osmosis

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How are xylem vessels adapted to their function

Xylem adapt to their function because they are dead so allows them to be a hollow tube

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Hormones

Chemical messengers that are made in 1 part of the body + are carried in the blood to other parts of the body

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Are hormones exocrine or endocrine

Endocrine

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Name 2 sex hormones

Testosterone ,oestrogen

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What does thyroxine do

Controls how much energy your body uses and the speed of your metabolism

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Name 3 effects of adrenaline

Heart beats faster, lungs breath better, raises blood sugar levels to give you energy

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What hormones do the pituitary gland release

The growth hormones, ACTH, FSH, LH

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What hormones do the thyroids release

Thyroxine

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What hormones do the pancreas release

Insulin

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What hormones do the kidneys release

Adrenaline

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What hormones do the ovaries begin

Oestrogen and progesterone

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What hormones do the testicles release

Testosterone.

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What hormones causes the uterus lining to thicken

Oestrogen

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Which endocrine organ is found in the brain

Pituary gland

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which hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle

Oestrogen and progesterone

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How do hormones travel around the body

Endocrine glands pass them straight into the blood stream

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Which endocrine gland secretes testosterone

The testicles

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Are hormones fast or slow acting

Rapid

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what monomer can carbohydrates be broken down in digestion

Starch then glucose

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What enzymes breaks down starches

Amylase

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What is glucose used for

Energy and respiration

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Which endocrine gland secretes insulin

Pancreas

What is the photosynthesis equation

Glucose and oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide

Which 2 hormones are in the pancreas used to control blood glucose concentration

Insulin and glucagon

What is insulin used for

Allows glucose to move from blood into cells where it is used

What happens to excess soluble glucose

It’s converted to an insoluble carbohydrate called glycogen

What does insulin control

Storage of glycogen in your liver and muscle

What can excess glycogen and glucose cause if consistently consumed

Obesity

Which is the target organ for the hormones that control the concentration of glucose in the blood

Liver

What is the endocrine system composed of

Glands and Hormones

What is a hormone

Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

How are hormones carried around the body

Endocrine glands pass them into the blood stream

Which acts faster, the nervous system or the endocrine system

Nervous System

Where is the pituitary gland

Top of the brain

What does the pituitary gland do

Release hormones

What hormones do the pancreas release

Insulin + Glucagon

What is thyroxine produced

Thyroid

What is the role of thyroxine

Metabolism

What are the functions of blood in the body

Carrying oxygen, nutrients and hormones

Name 3 adaptive functions red blood cells have adapted

Biconcave discs- larger surface area for diffusion Haemoglobin that binds to oxygen No nucleus so space for haemoglobin

Do white blood cells have a nucleus

Yes

Name 3 features of Ardi

4.4 Million years old, ape like big toe to climb branches, long arms and short legs, brain the size of a chimpanzee, leg structure upright

Name 3 features of Lucy

3.2 Million years old, arms and legs half ape half human, slighty larger brain than Ardi

Name 3 features of Turkana boy

1.6 Million years old, more human like than lucy, more human than ape like, larger brain than Lucy’s

Describe stone tools 2.5 Million years ago

pebble tools made by hitting rocks together to make sharp flakes, could be used to scrape meat of bones

Describes stone tools 2 million years ago

rocks were used for more complex tool such as hand axes, could be used to hunt dig and chop

Describe stone tools 3000 years ago

Wooden Spears

Describe stone tools 200000 years ago

Fish hooks, needles and arrowheads

Diffusion with 2 key facts

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low Does not require energy No membrane required

Osmosis with 2 key facts

Movement of water from a dilute area to a more concentrated area Does not require energy Occurs over a partially permeable membrane

Active transport with 2 key facts

Movement of ions against the concentration gradient Does require energy Occurs over a membrane using transport proteins

What is the width and blood pressure of the vessel Aorta??

Width is thick and blood pressure is high

What is the function of blood valves

Prevents backflow of blood

How does the heart cause blood to move to the lungs

The muscles of the right ventricle contract pumping blood out the heart into the lungs

What happens on day 13 of the menstrual cycle

Egg is released

Describe the effect of progesterone on the uterus lining from day 13 to day 21

Progesterone levels increase so uterus thickens

One advantage for using a condom

Gives protections from STI’s.

How does the contraceptive pill stop a woman from becoming pregnant

Contains oestrogen and progesterone which prevents ovulation so sperm can’t fertilise the egg

Describe How a belt transect could be used to see how light intensity affects the biodiversity of plants growing in the field

Record the height, measure the light intensity and repeat at different distances

Why does water move out red blood cells of a person with diabetes

Water moves out by osmosis via a partially permeable membrane because the concentration of glucose is higher in the blood

Why do cells respire

To release energy

Why does the breathing rate of athletes increase when they run

Absorb more oxygen so more respiration can occur

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic uses oxygen Aerobic releases more energy Aerobic produces carbon dioxide and water whilst anaerobic produces lactic acid

1 difference between the bacterial cell and the animal cell

Bacteria have no nucleus

How does oxygen move in and out of a cell

Diffusion

What investigation could you use to Investigate how temperature affects the rate of diffusion

Heat acid at different temperatures for same amount of time and use the same volume

What’s the type of cell division which produces sex cells

Meiosis

What’s a genome

All the genetic materials of an organism

Which enzyme breaks down fat ?

Lipase

Which type of cell is destroyed by the HIV virus

White blood cell

How does the immune system defend the body against disease

Pathogens have antigens that trigger antibodies to be produced which leads to the destruction of the pathogen

Explain the function of a meristem

Produce more cells by mitosis

Function of the mitochondrion

Release energy

Name features of the structure of DNA

Polymer 4 bases Weak hydrogen bonds join bases Double helix

Why would you use the root of a plant if u were investing mitosis?

The root contains lots of meristem which aid growth

How would you use a microscope to obtain a clear image

Switch the lamp on then look through the eyepiece and use the focus wheel to obtain a clear image

What happens in anaphase

Spindles are pulling the chromosomes to either side of the cell

What type of pathogen is chlamydia

Bacterium

Head of a sperm cell

Acrosome

Compare the outcomes of mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis- 2 genetically identical cells Meosis 4 genetically different cells

What happens in the body after a vaccination

Vaccination contains antigens which leads to the production of antibodies which is a secondary immune response