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General Knowledge Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is the type of budget used for the continuous operation of an organization, and the primary budget employed by lab managers?

A

Operational budget

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2
Q

What is a purchase order that requests that certain supplies be delivered automatically in the number and frequency requested?

A

standing order

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3
Q

A system of diagnostic codes which identifies a patient’s illness, injury or complaint

A

ICD-10 codes

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4
Q

Federal reimbursement plan that benefits people over age 65.

A

Medicare

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5
Q

Which type of budget includes items such as salaries and benefits which are increased or decreased on the basis of the previous year’s budget?

A

Forecast budget

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6
Q

Which costs change with production volume?

A

Variable costs

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7
Q

What is a list of descriptive terms and identifying codes for reporting medical services performed by a physician?

A

CPT codes

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8
Q

What type of error influences values consistently in one direction?

A

Systematic error

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9
Q

How long must OSHA training records of employees be maintained in the laboratory?

A

3 years from the date of each training session

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10
Q

According to OSHA, what is the frequency with which gloves should be changed?

A

When they have been penetrated by blood or other potentially infectious materials.

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11
Q

How soon must Hepatitis B vaccines be offered to new employees?

A

Within 10 days of employment

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12
Q

How soon must gloves be replaced after contamination

A

As soon as practical

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13
Q

According to OSHA, who is responsible for writing and monitoring an exposure control plan for the laboratory?

A

Laboratory safety officer

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14
Q

What are universal precautions in the laboratory?

A

Assumes all blood and body fluids are contaminated.

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15
Q

When is employee training on blood-borne pathogens required?

A

At the time of initial employment

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16
Q

What type of budget is associated with government bodies where a fixed amount of money is granted for a fixed amount of time?

A

Appropriation budget

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17
Q

Budget designed for purchase of equipment, building or remodeling?

A

Capital budget

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17
Q

What is a flexible budget?

A

Fixed (overhead) and variable (reagents) are itemized, allowing for changes in test volume.

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18
Q

What type of budget is developed completely new from scratch. Historical info is disregarded. Only the highest ranked items are funded. Used to get rid of dead weight.

A

Zero-base budget

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19
Q

Which type of budget is prepared quarterly, more accurate than an annual budget

A

Rolling-Quarter budget

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20
Q

What is a financial tool prepared monthly to anticipate cash flow, rates money is received and spent?

A

Cash budget

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21
Q

Costs assigned to the production of a product; i.e., a billable test. Reagents, consumables, QC and technical labor.

A

Direct costs

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22
Q

Costs not directly involved with the billable test. Non-technical labor: phlebotemists, admins, billing, couriers

A

Indirect costs

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23
Q

What is the difference between cash and revenue?

A

Revenue is the total amount of income generated. (gross)
Cash flow tracks the amount of cash in hand and the cash flowing in and out of the company. (net?)

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24
Useful for external review, looks at costs in aggregate, uses double entry bookkeeping and generally accepted accounting principles.
Financial Accounting
25
This type of accounting is useful for internal purposes, less formal rules. Identifies cost on a UNIT basis. Assigns costs to a revenue generating activity.
Cash accounting
26
Which type of costs are reagents and supplies?
Direct/Variable
27
Which type of costs are associated with Supervisor time to review QC
Indirect/Variable
28
Costs that don't change with test volume; equipment lease, techs needed for coverage, admin overhead
Fixed costs
29
Direct labor and direct material costs required to produce a billable result. Used to compare different methodologies.
Prime costs
30
Direct labor and section overhead to produce a billable result. Used to compare cost to measure the same reagent and test volume on two different analyzers.
Conversion costs
31
Costs required just to keep the laboratory operational. Section and admin overhead, cost to collect and report results.
Ready to serve costs
32
Cost to produce a billable result, excluding indirect and ready to serve costs.
Full production costs
33
Formula for full production costs
Prime + Conversion costs
34
Fully loaded cost formula
Full Production + Ready to serve
35
Fully loaded cost components
1. Prime costs (direct labor and materials) 2. Conversion costs (direct labor and section overhead) 3. Full production cost (direct labor, direct material, section overhead) 4. Ready to serve costs (section OH, collect and report, gen lab OH) 5. Fully loaded costs (Prime and ready to serve)
36
What are Fringe Benefits and how much to they cost?
25-35% of salary Health insurance Life and Disability insurance Retirement Vacation, sick and maternity leave Social security tax
37
How to compute salary costs?
Employee compensation (salary) + Fringe benefits + recruitment + orientation, training and development
38
50% decrease in workload is what % reduction in FTE?
14%
39
What are limitations of laboratory cost reduction?
Fully loaded costs have a high percentage of fixed costs. Ex. A 50% decrease in workload results in only a 14% rection in FTE.
40
Formula for cost to break even
Fixed costs/(test price - variable costs)
41
Formula for charge to break even
(Fixed costs/test volume) + variable cost
42
Minimum to break even formula
Fixed cost/(Test price - variable cost) all per unit
43
Contribution Margin %
(Test Price - Variable cost)/Test Price all per unit
44
Request to make purchase
Requisition
45
Order to purchase items at a given price over a given amount of time
Purchase Order
46
A certain amount of material or total dollar amount that can be ordered within a certain amount of time at a fixed price
Blanket PO
47
Westgard Rules
Detects both random and systematic errors. Multi-rule QC Decision tree shorthand 1 2S (1 control measurement exceeding 2SD of the mean
48
Levey Jennings Plot
Results on Y axis vs. Time on X axis Detects trend, shift, dispersion
49
Sudden failure
Shift
50
Causes of dispersion
Random errors Fluctuations New Tech Poor mixing
51
Cumulative Sum Plot
Cusum Plot Cumulative sum difference from expected values Determines systematic errors
52
Gradual loss of reliability Increase or decrease in one direction
Trend Reasons could be deterioration of light, materials, accumulation of debris.
53
Accuracy
Closeness of measured value to true value
54
Precision
Closeness of repeated measurements (Repeatability)
55
Formula for Positive Predictive Value
True Positive/(True Positive + False Positive) x100
56
Negative Predictive Value Formula
True Negative/(True Negative + False Negative) x100
57
Sensitivity
True positive rate (#Diseased Patients with Positive result/Total # Diseased) x100 or TP/TP+FN x100
58
False Negative Rate
#FN/Total # Diseased or 1-Sensitivity
59
False Positive Rate
(FP/Total # Non-diseased) x 100 1-Specificity
60
Specificity
True Negative Rate Probability of classifying non-diseased person as non-diseased (# Non-diseased patients with Negative Result/Total Non-diseased Patients) x100 or (TN/TN+FP) x100
61
SNOMED codes
Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terminology developed by CAP Used by UK
62
LOINC codes
Logical Observation Identifier Names and codes Alternative to CPT Universal Lab language 7 digit codes
63
HCPC codes
Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System Assigned by CMS (not AMA) Cat II codes - Letter A-V followed by 4 digits Fill gaps in CPT (where no CPT exists) CAT III - Temporary set for emerging technologies.
64
Program administered by states for low-income families
Medicaid
65
What does Medicare Part A cover?
Hospital inpatient, skilled nursing care, hospice care, home health care
66
What does Medicare Part B cover?
Laboratory tests, other outpatient services and devices Used by private insurance to set reimbursement rates.
67
What does Medicare Part D cover?
Prescription drugs
68
CPT Modifier 91
Repeat Testing
69
What is Medicare Part C?
Managed Care Plan (HMO) Alternative to Part B
70
CPT Modifier 90
Procedure referred to reference lab
71
CPT Modifier 59
Distinct procedural services on same day not reported together
72
CPT Modifier 26
Procedure is a combination of physician and technical component
73
70-30 Rule
No more than 30% of total testing can be referred out
74
Room temperature in Celcius
20-24 degrees
75
Molarity
Moles/Liter 1 mole = gram molecular weight
76
DOT Hazardous Materials Regulation (HMR) Category A Substance
Infectious substance capable of causing permanent disability or death to humans or animals High Risk
77
DOT Hazardous Materials Regulation (HMR) Category B Substance
Not capable of causing permanent disability or death
78
Acronym explaining Six Sigma
DMAC Define, measure, analyze, improve, control
79
Formula for Celsius
5/9( F-32)
80
Formula for Fahrenheit
(9/5)C+32
81
Formula for Kelvin
C+273
82
Standard Deviation
Square root of variance: SD=square root of sum(x-mean)squared/n-1
83
z score
Standard deviation Index (SDI) Tells you how many SD a control result is from the mean Z=(control result - expected mean)/SD
84
Coefficient of variation
SD divided by mean x 100
85
UN2814
Category A - affecting humans
86
UN2900
Category A affecting animals only
87
UN3373
Category B
88
95% confidence interval
Within 2SD of mean based on normal distribution
89
Six Sigma
Quality improvement process Reducing errors to 3.4 defects per million tests Six Sigma = 6 SD from the mean in normal distribution 99.9997% confidence interval
90
92
What is DMAIC
Six sigma process 1. Define 2. Measure 3. Analyze 4. Improve 5. Control
93
Category B SUBSTANCE
Not capable of causing permanent disability or death (DOT HMR)
94
Category A substance
DOT HMR INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF CAUSING PERMANENT DISABILITY OR DEATH TO HUMANS OR ANIMALS (high risk)
95
96
HCPCS Codes
Assigned by CMS CAT II codes Letter A-V followed by 4 digits Fills in gaps in CPT CAT III Temporary set for emerging technologies. Updated 2x per year
97
Trend
Gradual loss of reliability Reasons: deterioration of ligh, materials, accumulation of debris
98
Tests to break even
Fixed costs/(test price-variable costs)
99
Morality
1.86 (NA) + GLU/18 + BUN/2.8
100
Normality
Equivalents/liter 1 equivalent = GMW/valence
101
Valence
Number of units that can combine with hydrogen
102
RCF
Relative Centrifugal Force 1.18x10^5 x rpm^2

HCLD (2 decks)

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