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General Knowledge and Acronyms Flashcards

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1
Q

CRD

A

Custom Resource Definition

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2
Q

CCM

A

Cloud Controller Manager

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3
Q

Common low-level container runtimes

A

Runc, crun, kata-runtime, gVisor

You typically won’t install these, as they are installed by the Runtime Engine

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4
Q

Another word for high-level container runtime?

A

Runtime Engine

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5
Q

Which component is responsible for spawning and running containers in a Kubernetes architecture?

A

Low-Level Container Runtime

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6
Q

What role does the Kube-Proxy play in the Kubernetes infrastructure?

A

It dynamically configures TCP/UDP and SCTP Forwarding on the system that it runs

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7
Q

What is the role of the Controller-Manager in the Kubernetes architecture?

A

It is a control loop that monitors the state of your cluster and makes or requests changes.

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8
Q

Which component bridges functionality of the cloud provider to the Kubernetes server?

A

CCM (Cloud Controller Manager)

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9
Q

What protocol is used by distributed systems to ensure that each node in the cluster agrees on the same state even in the face of failures?

A

RAFT

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10
Q

How do nodes in a highly available Kubernetes configuration connect to the API server?

A

Via the loadbalancer

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11
Q

Which Linux namespace is the default shared in a Kubernetes Pod?

A

UTS

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12
Q

Which command is used to view all resources within all namespaces in a Kubernetes cluster?

A

kubectl get all -A

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13
Q

How can a new namespace be created in Kubernetes?

A

kubectl create namespace <mynamespace></mynamespace>

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14
Q

Which Kubernetes service type is dependent on your Kubernetes offering and may vary significantly between On-Prem and Cloud?

A

LoadBalancer

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15
Q

What do EndPoints in Kubernetes represent?

A

The IP addresses assigned to the Pods that the service points to

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16
Q

Which command is used to create a Kubernetes job named “calculatepi”?

A

kubectl create job calculatepi

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17
Q

What Kubernetes version provided a feature as stable that allows a ConfigMap to be immutable?

A

Kubernetes 1.21

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18
Q

What is the difference between the “-l” and “–selector” options in Kubernetes commands?

A

They are the same. -l is short for –selector

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19
Q

How long after a feature is announced as deprecated must it remain operational?

A

1 year

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20
Q

What feature allows you to extend the Kubernetes API by defining new resource types?

A

CRDs (Custom Resource Definitions)

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21
Q

In the path a request to the Kubernetes API follows, which step occurs immediately after Authorization?

A

Admission Control

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22
Q

What are the three crucial stages that a request to the Kubernetes API goes through in the context of security and policy enforcement?

A

Authentication
Authorization
Admission Control

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23
Q

What is the default service account for a Pod to be assigned within the namespace?

A

default

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24
Q

OIDC

A

OpenID Connect

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25
What are the two main components of a Service Mesh?
Data Plane Control Plane
26
SMI
Service Mesh Interface
27
What is a Gauge in reference to Observability metrics?
Provides a display, level, or content of something. Example: Fuel indicator in a vehicle
28
What is a Counter in reference to Observability metrics?
Cumulative counting Example: Number of visits to a website, or number of API requests made
29
What is a Meter in reference to Observability metrics?
Measurements at which an event occurs. Example: Heart rate monitor shows your rate at that time, and may be averaged over time. CN Example: Number of requests made in a given period.
30
What is a Histogram in reference to Observability metrics?
Tracks a number of observations against a sum of observed values. Typically shown as a graph. Example: Number of visitors to a shop based on age ranges.
31
What are the three fundamental pillars of Cloud Native Observability?
Logs Metrics Traces
32
In Cloud Native Observability, which format would be considered user-friendly for outputting logging data whilst supporting complex and hierarchical data?
JSON
33
In which layer of a software system do OpenTracing and OpenTelemetry primarily operate?
Application
34
Who was the original creator of Prometheus before it was donated to CNCF?
SoundCloud
35
Which GitOps delivery tool utilizes the GitOps Toolkit?
Flux
36
In Kubernetes, which feature is effective for managing costs by allowing for the categorization and organization of resources?
Labels
37
What is the reference implementation of the Open Container Initiative (OCI) runtime specification?
runc
38
In a Kubernetes cluster, which component is responsible for routing traffic for services and managing IP rules?
Kube-Proxy
39
Which open-source tool is specifically designed for assessing the security posture of Kubernetes clusters according to NSA and CISA guidelines?
KubeScape
40
Which Kubernetes distribution, known for its minimal resource requirements and ease of installation, is particularly well-suited for IoT and edge computing environments?
K3s
41
What is a lightweight container runtime specifically designed for Kubernetes, conforming to the Container Runtime Interface (CRI)?
CRI-O
42
Which cloud-native tools enable Kubernetes clusters to be automatically synchronized with Git repositories?
Argo CD Flux
43
What are CloudEvents in the context of cloud computing?
A set of standards for describing event data in a common way
44
In a cloud-native organisation, which role is primarily responsible for building and maintaining the underlying platform infrastructure, enabling application developers to deploy and run their services efficiently?
Platform Engineer
45
In Kubernetes, which object is recommended for managing jobs that need to run multiple times according to a batch process?
CronJob
46
SIG
Special Interest Group
47
How does KEDA enable event-driven autoscaling in Kubernetes, and what custom resource does it utilize for this purpose?
KEDA enables event-driven autoscaling in Kubernetes by monitoring external event sources and automatically scaling applications based on incoming events. It utilizes ScaledObjects
48
Which Linux feature is utilized by Kubernetes for container isolation, limits the resource usage of a process or a set of processes?
Cgroups
49
In the Open Container Initiative (OCI) Specification, which areas are standardized?
Container image format Runtime Environment Distribution
50
What is the primary purpose of the kubectl explain command in Kubernetes?
To show documentation and field definitions for Kubernetes resources
51
How does the Container Network Interface (CNI) in Kubernetes relate to Network Policies?
The CNI is responsible for implementing the rules defined in Network Policies
52
What are the default namespaces in a Kubernetes installation?
default kube-system kube-public kube-node-lease
53
In a Pod, which Linux namespace do containers usually share?
Network
54
IaC
Infrastructure as Code
55
What is a Dockerfile in the context of containerization?
A text document containing all the commands to build a Docker image
56
In Kubernetes, which entities can utilize the immutable:true attribute to ensure that their data cannot be modified after creation?
ConfigMaps and Secrets
57
Which function is primarily associated with Kubernetes Security Contexts?
Defining container or pod level security settings
58
In the context of Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) in Kubernetes, what is the Manual Reclamation Policy typically recognised as?
Retain
59
In Kubernetes, how would you enable data sharing between different cronjobs running at various times?
PVC?
60
When using kubectl apply in Kubernetes, what is a potential drawback related to tracking the state of resources?
If you remove resources from the applied manifest, kubectl apply may not track them and can inadvertently delete those resources
61
Which container runtimes are recognized for providing enhanced security features, such as stronger isolation through virtualization?
Kata Containers and gVisor
62
In Kubernetes, what are Service Endpoints primarily used for?
Tracking the IP addresses of ports and pods associated with a service
63

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