General knowledge SC

Question 1

The role of the family liaison officer involves the day-to-day management of the partnership between the family of the deceased and the police investigation. Describe the primary
function of the FLO.

Answer 1

The role of the Family Liaison Officer (FLO) involves the day-to-day management of the
partnership between the family of the deceased and the Police investigation.
2. The primary function of an FLO is that of an investigator and not a support person.
3. The FLO must also offer, facilitate and co-ordinate support that addresses the needs of the
family.
4. As an investigator, the FLO will normally be responsible for profiling the victim, preparing a
family tree and gathering all relevant information from the family.

Question 2

The actions of the first responding Police have a critical effect on an investigation and on the
potential for gathering evidence. List the points in general investigation model that should be
applied in all cases.

Answer 2

VAWSEIPO – General Investigation Model
Victim – Identify and locate the victim(s)
Appreciation – Make an Initial appreciation of the incident. Assess personal risk and then preserve
the life of others
Witnesses – Locate and contain witnesses
Scene – Preserve the scene, set boundary’s, common approach path etc
Exhibits - Note evidence and preserve any that would otherwise be lost or destroyed
Ingredients – Consider whether the ingredients of the alleged offence have been established
Powers – Identify what powers are available and consider whether to execute them
Offenders – Identify and apprehend suspect(s)

Question 3

The OC body has the responsibility to ensure that photographs of the body are taken at
the mortuary. Describe the instructions to be given to the photographer regarding the taking of photographs of the body.

Answer 3

Ensure the photographer at the mortuary takes sufficient appropriate photographs of:
- the body, before it is stripped
- the body, after it is stripped
- close up photographs of any wounds, marks, internal injuries and unusual features.
These photographs must include a measuring scale placed in proximity to the feature
being photographed, to make a permanent record of the dimensions of the feature.

Question 4

The OC suspects must investigate all suspects thoroughly in order of priority as decided in
consultation with the OC investigation. What particular matters may influence the setting of
priorities?

Answer 4

• the relative weight of evidence against a person or
• the likelihood of their leaving the area.
• You may also be influenced by a particular urgency in solving the case or the availability of
  staff.
• Suspects must be investigated in order of priority.

Question 5

What other specific matters regarding each exhibit must the OC exhibits determine?

Answer 5

• The OC Exhibits maintains an awareness of the significance of each exhibit.
• Be aware of what examinations may be available.
• The OC Exhibits will determine, plan and record the examination and interrogation of every
  exhibit and establish its relevance to the investigation.

Question 6

When a witness is at court, what material may a witness use to refresh their memory prior to
giving evidence?

Answer 6

At Court, request the witness refresh their memory by reading any previously signed statement(s) or
interview transcript.

Question 7

The main objectives of an area canvass?

Answer 7

 Identifying the offender
 Identifying and locating evidence such as vehicles, discarded clothing, weapons and other articles
 Identifying witnesses
 Gathering information

Other benefits include:
 Sightings of the victim or offender before or after the event.
 Sightings of relevant property or vehicles
 Sightings of potential witnesses

Question 8

The file manager must assist the 2IC on a daily basis to carry out a number of duties. Describe
these duties.

Answer 8

The file manager must assist the 2IC to prepare daily bulletins/sitreps, Police and special notices,
organisational charts and daily rosters and ensuring these are well-displayed within the Investigation
Headquarters,

The file manager must also keep a record of developments in all phases of the investigation to
enable them to brief members of the investigation team from a particular investigation phase on
progress that has been made in other phases of the investigation.

• location
• office support staff
• transport
• equipment
• communications
• ICT requirements.

Question 9

What information should the disclosure manager provide to the crown solicitor regarding
disclosure?

Answer 9

The Crown should be provided with an identical copy of all material that is disclosed to defence
counsel. The Crown should also review an un-edited copy of the material, where appropriate. This
material should remain under the control of the File Manager while it is being reviewed.

Question 10

The exhibits register may take the form of an electronic document which forms the master
record of every exhibit obtained during an investigation. What action can be taken to preserve the
integrity of the exhibit register?

Answer 10

To protect the integrity of the electronic Exhibits Register, only the OC Exhibits and typist should
have password access to make alterations to it, although every member of the investigation should
be able to view it. An Exhibits Register template can be downloaded from the Serious Crime
Template.

Question 11

What is the first thing to consider when undertaking a course of action at a serious crime
scene?

Answer 11

first consider what risk(s) may exist. Contamination, other persons, staff, hidden offender etc…

The initial Police responders must assess the situation quickly yet carefully and decide what the most
important things to do are, and how and in what order they should be done. Their primary functions
include:
* Attending the scene at an early stage
* Taking control of the situation; and
* Co-ordinating tasks.

Question 12

Describe the role of the OC body during the post mortem examination.

Answer 12

Attend the post-mortem examination with the OC Investigation, or deputy appointed by them, and:
- attend the briefing of the pathologist by the OC Investigation, and contribute as required
- ensure the Police photographer takes appropriate and sufficient photographs of the body before
clothing is removed, again after the body is disrobed, and during the post-mortem examination. The
pathologist will direct the photographer.
- preserve evidence from the body
- record, label and secure all samples and exhibits associated with the body
- arrange for fingerprints and palm prints to be taken, if required
attend the debrief of the pathologist and record the findings, on direction of the OC
and/or pathologist
ensure all cultural responsibilities have been addressed.

Question 13

What action must police stage at the scene of a serious crime take if the media are present?

Answer 13

If members of the media are present at the scene, keep them away from the immediate crime scene
cordon and make no comment about the incident. Consult with the OC Investigation on arrival and
explain what has happened, identify media members and where they are located.

Question 14

State why it is important that Police who have first contact with the informant to a serious
offence should be debriefed regarding the contact.

Answer 14

Police who have first contact with the informant should be debriefed and a full record made of their
account. This record could become crucial if the informant is later identified as a suspect. In some
circumstances, consideration should be given to interviewing such officers as investigative important
witnesses.

Question 15

What responsibilities does the OC suspects have when an alibi is put forward by an offender
concerning a matter in respect of which proceedings have been commenced?

Answer 15

Alibi witnesses notified under section 22 of the Criminal Disclosure Act 2008 must only be
interviewed under the direction of the Crown Solicitor. When particulars of alibi witnesses are
notified concerning a matter in respect of which proceedings have been commenced, the
investigator must:
* make enquiries to determine the veracity of the alibi
* conduct inquiries as directed by the OC Investigation and the Crown Solicitor including NIA checks
on the alibi witness
* forward the results of these enquiries to the Crown Solicitor, including any statements obtained

Question 16

On some occasions it may be necessary to conduct a prompt, preliminary interview with a
witness who possessed information or material that is likely to rapidly progress the investigation.
State the type of information that could be obtained by an early preliminary interview.

Answer 16

On some occasions it may be necessary to conduct a prompt, preliminary interview with a witness
who possesses information or material that is likely to rapidly progress the investigation, ie.
information that may lead to:
early identification or arrest of a suspect
recovery of evidence or information relevant to the offence
prevention of the imminent disposal or destruction of evidence connected to the investigation
prevention of the commission of other offences.

Every effort should be made to obtain:
Identity and location of the suspect
A first hand account of what the complainant/informant knows
Precise details of the location of the scene
Identity of the victim
Details of anyone else at the scene
Full contact details of the complainant/informant
Demeanour of the complainant/informant
Relationship of the complainant/informant to the victim or suspect
Details of action the complainant/informant has taken and where they have been
Details of any hazards or safety issues that may affect Police approaching the scene/victim

Circumstances leading to the discovery

Question 17

In the case of homicide or serious crime involving a Maori victim, an iwi liaison officer must be
engaged as early as possible. In what ways can the ILO provide assistance to the investigation?

Answer 17

In the case of a homicide or serious crime involving a Maori victim, an Iwi liaison Officer must be
engaged as early as possible. This will support an understanding and awareness of the Maori
traditions, protocol and beliefs, and enhance relations between the investigation, family of the
deceased and the Maori community.

Question 18

You are the first at the scene of a homicide and you are advised that the suspect is still
present. What should your first priority be in relation to the suspect?

Answer 18

Preliminary interview with suspect
Record all comments made and action taken with suspect
Isolate suspect from other suspects/witnesses/victims
Search and surveillance powers of detention/search or arrest if possible – consider cautioning
Obtain cooperation and ask them to remain if no powers
Note and consider the condition of the suspect, whether they are injured, under the influence of
alcohol, drugs, or suffer from a medical or mental impairment or other special consideration.

Question 19

How can specialist Police units such as the criminal profiling unit or criminal geographic
profilers assist the OC area Canvass during the area canvass planning stage?

Answer 19

Specialist Police units such as the Criminal Profiling Unit or criminal or geographic profilers may be
consulted to assist with setting parameters or identifying locations where suspects are likely to
frequent or to reside.

Risk assessment
Once the location parameters are set, intelligence systems should be analysed to establish whether
there are any people or events in the area which those carrying out the enquiries should be aware
of. This may include:
violent offenders
persons wanted by police for other crimes or wanted on warrant
groups with particular linguistic or cultural needs
local incidents or issues, which residents may raise with Police.

Question 20

During the suspects phase of an investigation it is important for the OC suspects to regularly
debrief their team members. What general matters should be covered during these debriefs?

Answer 20

The first duty of the OC Suspects is to brief their suspects team members. To enable them to do this,
the OC Suspects should analyse the information available such as witness statements, police reports
and information from the scene. Their initial briefing should encompass:
* the circumstances of the offence including an analysis of the scene and witness
evidence available
* the full details of all persons of interest and any suspect, where the identity of
suspects are known
* details of any descriptions of the suspect provided by witnesses (a schedule of
descriptions may be prepared to assist)
* whether any particular modus operandi/crime signatures have been identified.

Question 21

Describe two of the topics to be covered during a forensic strategy meeting.

Answer 21

• What examinations ESR and others could conduct on exhibits.
• The priority each examination should receive.
• Whether any further work is needed to assist a reconstruction.
• A plan for any work to be completed that is required to assist the reconstruction.
• An agreed reconstruction of the events relevant to the crime under investigation.

Question 22

When implementing the family liaison plan, the family liaison officer should identify which
family member(s) to liaise with at an early stage. Describe who the term ‘family’ relates to.

Answer 22

The term ‘family’:
includes partners, parents, siblings, children, guardians, whänau and any others who have had
a direct and close relationship with the victim
includes ‘chosen’ family
should reflect the victim’s culture and lifestyle.

Question 23

When appointing an officer to interview a witness to a serious offence, what main issues
should be considered regarding the potential interviewing officer?

Answer 23

The selection of an appropriate interviewer is an important first step in the development of a
witness. These issues should be considered:
- The level of training of the interviewer:
- The experience the officer has in interviewing witnesses in major investigations and any
additional skills the interviewer has which may be advantageous in the circumstances
- The suitability of the officer to undertake the interview. This should include a consideration
of any welfare issues and whether any previous experience that the officer has with the
witness is likely to either inhibit or encourage a rapport with the interviewee, or give rise to
later challenges of coaching, prompting or offering inducements.

Question 24

During an investigation into multiple suspects for a serious offence, what steps can
investigators take to mitigate or eliminate the possibility of forensic cross contamination between
the suspects?

Answer 24

Where more than one suspect is involved, an appreciation must be made regarding which staff are
assigned to seize clothing from suspects. It is vitally important officers involved are fully aware of
cross contamination issues and where possible, separate officers should be assigned to each
suspect. Suspects must be kept apart including during travel in vehicles and when in cells. All
clothing should be packaged, labelled and sealed in accordance with standard procedures before
transfer to OC Exhibits.

Question 25

Describe who should be appointed as the OC body at a serious crime scene and what notes should be taken regarding the post mortem.

Answer 25

The OC Body should be an experienced investigator with awareness of forensic issues. Where this is not possible, the OC Body may require additional support and/or mentoring.   The appointment of an additional deputy to assist the OC Body as "Scene Exhibits Officer" specifically during the post-mortem examination should also be considered. The OC Body must not make any notes of discussions concerning the post-mortem examination, unless specifically directed to by the OC Investigation and/or the pathologist.

Question 26

Under the completion of the area canvass phase, the OC area canvass must submit a report to the OC investigation outlining the circumstances of this particular aspect of the investigation. What matters must the report contain?

Answer 26

At the conclusion of the area canvass the phase OC must submit a report to the OC Investigation outlining the circumstances of this particular aspect of the investigation. The report should include; a summary of all action taken, any significant findings highlighted and attention drawn to any action that has been undertaken which was outside of the original phase strategy.

Question 27

What is the first priority when conducting a risk assessment at the scene of a serious incident?

Answer 27

Initial action at the scene is crucial but may also present physical risks as well as a risk of contamination to the scene. Before initial actions can be safely undertaken, those in charge at the scene must conduct an appreciation on the known information, to dictate how, why and what form initial action should take.   Subject to the appreciation of risks, a reconnaissance should be conducted to establish who is present at the scene. This may include other injured people, or a hidden offender.   The first priority will always be to ensure the safety of the attending Police members.

Question 28

Police who arrive at a serious crime scene should identify, preserve and record the scene. What actions should Police take to preserve the scene upon initial arrival?

Answer 28

IDENTIFY SECURE PRESERVE CONSIDER RECORD

Question 29

Identify

Answer 29

*           Consider possible approach paths and establish a Common Approach Path (CAP) for all movements into and out of the scene; using a path which avoids any route possibly taken to and from the scene by the suspect(s) or the victim. *           Gather information and carry out initial assessment of the scene. *           Establish the crime scene itself and extend parameters as widely as possible to capture exhibits, weapons or items the suspect has discarded etc. *           Provide SITREP to comms *           Establish SFP *           Note and record observations.

Question 30

Secure

Answer 30

Where necessary, exercise search powers to secure the scene pursuant to section 116 of the Search and surveillance act 2012. *           Effect removal of all persons within the scene in a way that causes a minimum disturbance to scene. For example by using the CAP and ensuring witnesses don’t disturb or remove anything from the scene. *           Establish cordoned parameters using Police tape. *           Arrange and brief scene guards with clearly defined duties using Police employees or civilian security guards as per local policy. If necessary, reliable members of the public may initially act as guards until further Police arrive. *           Arrange Crime Scene logs. *           Prevent unauthorized persons from entering or leaving the scene. *           Prevent any further loss or damage to evidence cause by adverse weather or other factors such as animals.

Question 31

Preserve

Answer 31

       Consider the best path into the scene.        Record any movements/action taken in the scene        Preserve what is there and leave it "in situ" Ensure nothing is touched or moved. The scene must be kept in its original state.        If no immediate life is at risk, consider using stepping plates.        Be prepared to take immediate action to preserve and/or record evidence that may change if nothing is done. For example, rain may damage a footprint or bloodstain.

Question 32

Consider

Answer 32

       If initial photographs of the scene and persons present are necessary.

Question 33

Record

Answer 33

       The integrity of the scene by establishing and maintaining a crime scene log of movements, names, times and reasons for entry and exit to the scene. A template Crime Scene Log is included in the Serious Crime Template.        Observe and record full notes of precise details of the scene, particularly the location of the victim.        Complete a sketch of the scene.        Photograph the scene and consider using video recording.        Identify anything which is moved, noting the original and eventual positions.        Make an accurate record of these facts and report them to the OC Investigation at an early stage.

Question 34

When should OC body strip the body of clothing?

Answer 34

Stripping of the body will take place immediately before the post-mortem examination commences, but must only be undertaken on the specific direction of the OC Investigation, generally after a visual examination and collection of evidence from the clothed body has been completed.   Before entering the post-mortem examination room or handling the body, the OC Body and any other persons present must dress in protective clothing i.e. foot-coverings, latex gloves, overalls and face mask. It may be convenient to wear more than one pair of gloves so that as a pair becomes soiled or worn, the outer pair can be removed to reveal a fresh pair beneath.

Question 35

The OC exhibits have a responsibility to maintain an awareness of the significance of each exhibit and what examinations may be available. What other specific matters regarding each exhibit must the OC exhibits determine?

Answer 35

The OC Exhibits maintains an awareness of the significance of each exhibit and what examinations may be available. The OC Exhibits will determine, plan and record the examination and interrogation of every exhibit and establish its relevance to the investigation. In smaller investigations the OC Exhibits (in conjunction with the OC Investigation) may also conduct an appreciation and facilitate a thorough interrogation of every exhibit, to establish the: * evidential value of each exhibit * investigative opportunities presented by each exhibit * further enquiries that are needed.

Question 36

Under the completion of the area canvass phase, the OC area canvass must submit a report to the OC investigation outlining the circumstances of this particular aspect of the investigation. What matters must the report contain?

Answer 36

At the conclusion of the area canvass the phase OC must submit a report to the OC Investigation outlining the circumstances of this particular aspect of the investigation. The report should include; a summary of all action taken, any significant findings highlighted and attention drawn to any action that has been undertaken which was outside of the original phase strategy.

Question 37

During the course of some trials, witness intimidation may occur. What can the OC do about it?

Answer 37

By maintaining contact with witnesses, Police will be more likely to become aware of any threats, intimidation or interference and can arrange for appropriate action to be taken; such as initiating the witness protection program A risk assessment must be conducted to establish the extent to which a witness might be at risk of intimidation and/or physical harm. Different forms of intimidation may result from a witness providing information to Police, ranging from fear of going to Court, to life being at serious risk. Intelligence personnel may be tasked to contribute to the assessment and consultation should take place between the OC Investigation and the Crown Solicitor where any witness is subject to intimidation.

Question 38

Describe four matters the OC suspects should cover when briefing their team.

Answer 38

* the circumstances of the offence including an analysis of the scene and witness evidence available * the full details of all persons of interest and any suspect, where the identity of suspects are known * details of any descriptions of the suspect provided by witnesses (a schedule of descriptions may be prepared to assist) * whether any particular modus operandi/crime signatures have been identified.

Question 39

What is the obligation imposed by section 10(4) Criminal Disclosure Act 2008 on a person who is providing disclosure?

Answer 39

More recently, section 10(4) of the Act provides that disclosure may be supplied in whatever form, including electronically, that the person disclosing the information holds it in at the time of the request, provided this will be readily accessible to the defendant. Consideration must be given to whether a defendant has 'ready' access to a computer with which to access electronic disclosure documents, particularly if remanded in prison.

Question 40

State four benefits of applying the appreciation technique.

Answer 40

Applying an appreciation technique can provide the following key benefits: *           Informs all Police what they are expected to achieve *           Increases the chances of success, i.e. the investigative aims/objectives being met *           Establishes a sequence of activities to be carried out *           Manages risk *           Reduces uncertainty *           Eliminates duplication *           Ensures nothing is overlooked *           Effective use of resources

Question 41

FLO role

Answer 41

The FLO should identify the cultural origins of the victim’s family and ensure they are familiar with relevant cultural beliefs and protocols, to enhance relations with the family and to contribute to the victim profile.   Where applicable, the assistance of specialist advisors should be sought to assist with the cultural issues relating to the victim or others involved in the investigation. This will assist the progress of the investigation, establish

Question 42

What are the two main purposes for Police attending the scene of any death?

Answer 42

Adopting an investigative mentality. Remember: No matter what the circumstances of a death are (e.g. an accident, suicide, apparent natural causes, work place accident or unexplained death) Police’s purpose is always to investigate thoroughly and gather sufficient evidence to satisfactorily explain the circumstances of the death.

Question 43

What action should Police take when the body has been disturbed at a scene?

Answer 43

It is not uncommon for movement of the body to have occurred during the initial stages of the police and other emergency services response. It is critical that crime scene attendees quickly establish what movement has taken place and that the OC Body record this information as soon as possible.   Where the body has been disturbed: � Do not attempt to restore the scene to its original unchanged condition. � Make enquiries to enable the original unchanged scene to be subsequently reconstructed and photographed, if required.

Question 44

What matters should the OC Area Canvass record in the master record?

Answer 44

A detailed master record of ongoing progress should be continually maintained and updated by the OC Area Canvass, showing which addresses have been visited, which occupants interviewed, the documentation completed and any relevant comments made.

Question 45

In the case of a homicide, who should take the Victim Impact statement and how old should it be?

Answer 45

Victims should be given the opportunity to make a written statement about the impact the crime has had on them, through a victim impact statement (Refer Victims' Rights Act 2002 sections 17 to 27).   The statement must be available for sentencing and should be no older than 28 days at the time of sentencing.   Homicide trained Victim Support volunteers are trained to assist Police by taking Victim Impact Statements from surviving family members.

Question 46

15.  Police arrive at a stabbing where the victim is in a serious condition and is anticipated to dies. A verbal statement is obtained from them. Under section 18(1)(a) of the Evidence Act 2006, how can Police satisfy that the statement is admissible?

Answer 46

If it is anticipated the victim may die, consider recording an immediate statement, whether the victim can sign it or not. If the victim subsequently dies, their statement may be admissible in proceedings as hearsay evidence, under section 18(1) of the Evidence Act 2006. In order to be considered admissible evidence under 18(1)(a), the court must be satisfied that both the content of the statement and the person who made it, are reliable. Police taking the statement must therefore record any factors that demonstrate the reliability of the statement or its maker. The circumstances to consider under section 16(1) of the Evidence Act 2006, include:        the nature of the statement;        the contents of the statement;        the circumstances relating to the making of the statement;        circumstances relating to the veracity of the person; and        circumstances relating to the accuracy of the observation of the person.

Question 47

How can the OC Area Canvass keep morale of staff up?

Answer 47

It is essential staff remain focused and alert to the possibilities that the person they are speaking to could be a vital witness, or even the offender. The OC Area Canvass should ensure staff morale remains high and this can be achieved by providing regular feedback on the way canvass enquiries are contributing to the progress of the investigation, together with updates on the progress being made with other phases of the enquiry.

Question 48

Describe four methods of identifying a body when it has decomposed.

Answer 48

       Fingerprints        DNA profiling (identification results take 3-4 weeks or 48 hours for urgent analysis)        Dental records, available through the Region Forensic Dentistry Advisor        Eye examination records        Medical examination records, including scars, birth marks, implants or prosthetics, xrays, surgical wounds, amputations and tattoos        Personal effects        Facial reconstruction.

Question 49

18.  Witnesses from the scene may be so proximate to the events that evidence may be transferred to them. a.     What action can interviewing police take prior to interview to combat this? b.     State the types of physical evidence that may be present.

Answer 49

Communication, explain reasons etc Consider warrantless powers to search people and vehicles for evidential material in respect of serious offences, pursuant to the Search and Surveillance Act.   The plan to preserve and recover evidence from a forensically important witness should consider these issues where applicable; *           Immediate DNA swabs of any areas of the witness that the suspect may have touched. *           Immediate DNA swabs of any blood present on the witness. *           Immediate swabs of any other relevant stains present on the witness. *           Forensic medical examination – fingernail scrapings/hair combing etc *           Seizure of clothing and footwear *           Seizure of any items of property touched by suspect   Consider: *           Avoiding any cross contamination issues by arranging for witnesses who have been present at a crime scene, to use different vehicles and interview rooms to those used by other witnesses, the suspect or victim. *           Photographing witnesses at the scene enables future identification for witnesses for example to assist with CCTV enquiries or for OC witnesses at court hearings. *           Photograph any injuries suffered by witnesses.

Question 50

What are the initial actions of a disclosure manager?

Answer 50

On appointment to the role, the Disclosure Manager must: * read the Disclosure Managers desk file * access the current Serious Crime Template downloaded to the local district shared drive, for use during the investigation * report to the 2IC to receive a briefing, tasking, establishing what information is and is not discoverable, and ongoing supervision.

Question 51

Explain what a common approach path is.

Answer 51

A common approach path is a route in and out of the scene that all staff/civilians are to use. This path will be a route that avoids any route taken to and from the scene by the suspect or victim. It is best to consider possible approach paths previously and establish a common approach path early to prevent loss of evidence or cross contamination.

Question 52

At the conclusion of the post mortem, the OC body must hand the exhibits to the OC. List three things that the OC body must do.

Answer 52

Exhibits: The OC Body is responsible for recording, labeling, packaging, sealing and securing all physical exhibits relating to the body, including samples taken during the post-mortem.   All exhibits must be packaged and sealed before leaving the mortuary, without exception and will be recorded in a Scene Exhibits Schedule.   Action after the post-mortem: At the conclusion of the post-mortem examination the OC Body must take possession of all exhibits, including all samples and specialist kits.   Any wet or damp exhibits must be unsealed and dried in a controlled environment such as at a Police drying room with due regard for the integrity of the exhibit. Once dry, it can be repackaged and resealed.   The OC Body must hand all exhibits to the OC Exhibits, in order to maintain an unbroken chain of exhibit continuity and security. They should also provide the OC Exhibits with: *           the post-mortem Scene Exhibit Schedule *           copy of the OC Body’s notebook entries *           formal statement.

Question 53

When the Crown Solicitor directs Police to interview an alibi witness, what action should Police take?

Answer 53

Alibi witnesses notified under section 22 of the Criminal Disclosure Act 2008 must only be interviewed under the direction of the Crown Solicitor. When particulars of alibi witnesses are notified concerning a matter in respect of which proceedings have been commenced, the investigator must: * make enquiries to determine the accuracy of the alibi * conduct inquiries as directed by the OC Investigation and the Crown Solicitor including NIA checks on the alibi witness * forward the results of these enquiries to the Crown Solicitor, including any statements obtained

Question 54

In serious crime, a doctor may examine a suspect. Apart from noting injuries and taking samples, what else can a doctor report on?

Answer 54

Medical Examination Kit, including: - blood - saliva - head hair - pubic and body hair, if relevant - fingernail scrapings - swabs of the suspect’s hands or other relevant areas * swab the suspect’s hands for firearms residue using a specialist Firearms Detection Kit, as soon as possible where a firearm has been involved in an offence. Such residue may persist on the hands or clothing of a suspect for up to three hours. Refer to the Police Manual chapter ‘Firearm Discharge Residues’. * provide a professional opinion regarding the condition of the suspect.   Record any explanations or comments made by the suspect about the offence or the cause of any of injuries. Photographs of the suspect and any relevant marks or injuries must be taken.

Question 55

Describe the chain of custody and state the purpose.

Answer 55

The chain of custody: The chain of custody includes every individual who has had custody of an exhibit, from the time it was first discovered until the time it is produced in Court. It is used to demonstrate the integrity, and therefore admissibility, of exhibits.   The chain of custody is normally achieved by referring to the Scene Exhibit Schedule(s), or Chain of Custody forms. it is preferable that as few people as possible handle exhibits.   While an exhibit was under his or her control, each person with custody of the exhibit must be able to demonstrate: * when they received custody of the exhibit and from whom * where and how the exhibit was securely stored * when, why and how the exhibit was moved from one place to another * how the exhibit has been treated, safeguarded and preserved * when and why they transferred custody of an exhibit to another person, and to whom.   This is called maintaining the ‘chain of evidence’.

Question 56

What are the three categories of a victim’s medical status?

Answer 56

Having ensured the safety of those present, the next priority is to establish the physical condition of the victim. This falls into one of three categories:        Alive and uninjured        Alive but injured        Shows no signs of life

Question 57

What instructions do you give a person identifying a body?

Answer 57

The OC Body is responsible for arranging formal identification of the body and for obtaining a statement of formal identification. Body identification procedures are detailed in the ‘Sudden death’ Police Manual chapter, under ‘Identifying the body’.   Identification will only take place at the direction of the OC Investigation. If possible, this should occur before the post-mortem examination, however this may not be possible due to a risk of contamination or because the post-mortem will take place in a different geographic area to the one where the body was discovered. Identification will also be impractical after the body has been sealed in a body bag.   It is important those carrying out the formal identification are fully informed what is required of them and what they should expect to see when they view the deceased, particularly after a post-mortem examination has taken place.

Question 58

Why is it important in some cases to conduct an area canvass at the same time as the offence?

Answer 58

Timing of a canvass phase: In some cases, the area canvass should be conducted at the same time as the original offence occurred, to capture people who regularly pass through that area at that time of the day, e.g. a homicide of a person in a park in the early hours of the morning.

Question 59

Give two reasons as to why it is important to do a risk assessment relating to the witness of a serious crime.

Answer 59

To identify the risk of a witness being at risk of physical danger and at risk of intimidation.   A risk assessment must be conducted to establish the extent to which a witness might be at risk of intimidation and/or physical harm. Different forms of intimidation may result from a witness providing information to Police, ranging from fear of going to Court, to life being at serious risk. Intelligence personnel may be tasked to contribute to the assessment and consultation should take place between the OC Investigation and the Crown Solicitor where any witness is subject to intimidation.

Question 60

What three things does an exhibit need before it can be accepted by the OC exhibits for storage?

Answer 60

Safe storage of exhibits        The exhibit label contains the exhibit number and the name of the operation. Other details such as description of the item, the details of the person finding it, the time, date and location are recorded on the scene exhibit schedule.        The property is correctly packaged and sealed and the exhibit label is visible and secure on the outside of the package.        Any prompt action necessary to preserve the exhibit has been taken, for example drying wet or blood stained exhibits in an appropriate drying facility.

Question 61

Which specialists can attend the post mortem? and who else can attend post mortem?

Answer 61

       ESR scientist        Police Photographer        SOCO or fingerprint officer Police who should attend the post-mortem are: the OC investigation the OC Body a member specifically designated as exhibits officer for post-mortem, if required Police photographer SOCO or fingerprint officer, if required. Particular consideration should be given to seeking authority from the Coroner for the following parties to attend the post-mortem: ESR forensic scientist Crown Solicitor.

Question 62

Homicides aren’t always determined by finding a body or an offender making admissions. What other circumstances could a homicide be reported as?

Answer 62

Whilst most offences of homicide are identified as a result of a body being found or by a person responsible for the offence making admissions, some incidents notified to the police are not initially identifiable as a homicide. Such instances may include: *           Report of a missing person *           Sudden unexplained death of an infant *           Unexplained death *           Report of an abduction *           Report of violence where no fatalities are anticipated *           Crime scene without body present *           Hit and run vehicular collision *           Suicide *           Fatal fire *           Drug related deaths

Question 63

Outline what should be in the plan for a Family Liaison.

Answer 63

The family liaison plan is a dynamic process which must be reviewed in consultation with the FLO, at regular intervals. The Plan should be recorded and consider: *           Selection of the FLO and criteria employed for the selection *           Exit plan for the FLO *           Objectives of the family liaison *           Assessing the most appropriate methods of conducting interviews with family member, including the use of specialist interviewers, where appropriate. *           Information to be released to and withheld from the family *           Requests made by the family which have not been agreed to, and the reasons for this *           Complaints made by the family and the OC Investigation’s actions to progress and resolve the issues raised *           Any member of the family who could be considered a suspect, to enable the OC Investigation to determine whether or not this is the case *           Liaison with Victim Support and other support services

Question 64

What tools can an OC Area Canvass use to help them with the canvass?

Answer 64

The OC Area Canvass should seek to obtain suitable street maps, aerial photographs showing houses and the location of sections, geological information, local council records and other applicable references.

Question 65

Give two reasons why it is important to do a risk assessment for witnesses of serious crime.

Answer 65

- To ensure their physical safety. - To ensure they are not subjected to intimidation.

Question 66

What is the priority with the body prior to moving it from the scene?

Answer 66

The body must not be moved without specific authority from the OC Investigation.

Question 67

What must you tell your witnesses who are about to give evidence at court?

Answer 67

Ensure that witnesses do not: *           Have any contact or communication with jurors *           Discuss the case in public areas while waiting to give evidence *           Discuss the case with witnesses waiting after they have given evidence.

Question 68

Responsibilities of disclosure manager

Answer 68

* ensure all relevant and discoverable material is provided to defence counsel * ensure all relevant and non-discoverable material is identified, listed and defence advised * continually assess the risk to ensure that non-discoverable material is identified and not disclosed * continually review to ensure that ongoing lawful justification to withhold exists for  each document that is withheld * ensure that robust auditable systems are employed to record disclosure decisions and actions (this includes compiling and maintaining the Disclosure Index) * manage disclosure timeframes within the provisions of the Act, or as otherwise directed by the Courts * retain and file all correspondence with defence counsel, both incoming and outgoing, in the 50000 series document category * create a record in NIA of the fact of disclosure against the charge(s), and make a brief record of delivery of initial disclosure in NIA. Record in NIA that the Disclosure Index is held in the operation file and the location of that file - e.g. File Path Name

Question 69

Scene log

Answer 69

       Name and designation        Authority to enter scene        Purpose of the visit        Time of entry and exit

Question 70

What should you consider when dealing with a suspect?

Answer 70

Consider the condition of the suspect, whether they are injured, under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or suffer from a medical or mental impairment or other special consideration.

Question 71

18.  What is the purpose of a forensic strategy meeting?

Answer 71

Developing a strategy for examination of exhibits allows the OC Exhibits to prioritise tasks in line with the direction of the investigation. The strategy must be approved by the OC Investigation and continually reviewed throughout the investigation to keep abreast of any developments. Following any Forensic Strategy meeting, the OC Exhibits must record on the Exhibits Register, all decisions taken about the types of examinations to be conducted and the priority allocated to the examination of each exhibit.

Question 72

OC suspects

Answer 72

The OC Suspects is responsible for supervising the members of the Suspects Team for the purpose of: * obtaining information about suspects and persons of interest, as they are identified by  the OC Investigation * thoroughly profiling and investigating all suspects and persons of interest to enable the OC Investigation to establish their involvement in the offence or eliminate them from the inquiry * seeking evidence to cover all ingredients of the offence(s) * mitigating and dealing with possible defences that may be raised, where appropriate * providing a basis for further investigation.

Question 73

Purpose of Post mortem

Answer 73

The primary reason for conducting a post-mortem examination is to establish the cause of death. The pathologist’s findings will provide further information to drive the investigation which may include: determining where possible, the mode and time of death establishing how injuries and/or events at the scene may have contributed toward the death of the victim determining the nature and size of any weapon(s) used determining the approximate height and stature of the suspect providing areas of interest for subsequent interviews of witnesses and/or suspects negating possible defences identifying the victim, if identity has not been established.

Question 74

21.  What can a pathologist tell you about bones?

Answer 74

When skeletal remains are found, a pathologist, with the assistance of a forensic anthropologist, can usually provide information such as: Whether the remains are actually bones. Whether the bones are human. The age, gender, height and race of the person.

Question 75

OC body responsibilities

Answer 75

The OC Body must: ensure death has been certified by a doctor or qualified paramedic using a Deceased Person Certificate (POL 265) maintain security and continuity of the body, samples and exhibits, from the scene to the commencement of the post-mortem examination secure and guard the body, body samples and any exhibits relating to the body, with dignity and respect note and record observations relating to the body note details of medical staff or others who have attended the victim record what actions have been taken by any party in respect of the body establish if the body has been moved or disturbed ensure the body is photographed ‘in situ’ and consider using video recording on authority of the OC Investigation, arrange transportation of the body to the mortuary complete sudden death procedures on authority of OC investigation, arrange formal identification of the body using form Pol 265A obtain historical medial records of victim for information of pathologist   attend the post-mortem examination with the OC Investigation, or deputy appointed by them, and: - attend the briefing of the pathologist by the OC Investigation, and contribute as required - - ensure the Police photographer takes appropriate and sufficient photographs of the body before clothing is removed, again after the body is disrobed, and during the post-mortem examination. The pathologist will direct the photographer. - preserve evidence from the body - record, label and secure all samples and exhibits associated with the body - arrange for fingerprints and palm prints to be taken, if required attend the debrief of the pathologist and record the findings, on direction of the OC and/or pathologist ensure all cultural responsibilities have been addressed.

Question 76

What must go on the Sudden Death file?

Answer 76

The OC Body must prepare the Sudden Death (1S) file and submit as soon as possible, so that a coronial inquest can be opened. The file must include: statement relating to the victim’s formal identification copy of the Police form 47 (report for the coroner) or, in the case of a child under the age of 2 years, a Police form 47A (Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy) copy of Deceased Person Certificate (Police form 265) copy of Deceased Person Identification (Police form 265A).

Question 77

What other strategies can be used in an area canvass?

Answer 77

Consideration can be given to using the approaches outlined below ar a combination of them, to complement door to door enquiries:        Media        Poster campaign        Mail drop        High profile police presence, using a caravan

Question 78

What do you instruct your staff if you are OC Area Canvass and they come across an investigatively important witness?

Answer 78

When a person spoken to in the area canvass has relevant information to offer, the investigating member must:        Arrange for them to provide a formal written statement which is provided to the 2IC        Record on their part B form they have made a formal written statement and add a description of the person interviewed. This information is particularly helpful if there are indications the offender lives near the scene of the crime.        Ensure the witness information is conveyed to the OC Area Canvass and 2IC Investigation as soon as practicable.        Give the Part B form to the Area Canvass

Question 79

What is the purpose of the OC investigation, OC Area Canvass and OC Suspects returning to the scene?

Answer 79

The OC Investigation, OC Area Canvass and OC Suspects should attend the external/ general scene as soon as practicable, to make a reconnaissance of the area and conduct an appreciation and set the parameters and objectives of the canvass. This will also provide a clear perspective of the area, when it is referred to subsequently in statements and/or briefings.

Question 80

What is the purpose of appreciations of an exhibit?

Answer 80

In smaller investigations the OC Exhibits (in conjunction with the OC Investigation) may also conduct an appreciation and facilitate a thorough interrogation of every exhibit, to establish the: * evidential value of each exhibit * investigative opportunities presented by each exhibit * further enquiries that are needed.

Question 81

What information to gain from the informant/complainant which will assist the investigation?

Answer 81

Complainants / Informants: The person reporting an incident is a critical witness in an investigation and it is a priority to obtain all available information from them. Until Police are able to attend the scene, the complainant/informant may be the only source of information available and accurate information can lead to sound decisions. Every effort should be made to obtain:  Identity and location of suspect  A first hand account of what the informant knows  Precise details of the location of the scene  Circumstances leading to the discovery  Identity of the victim  Details of anyone else at the scene  Full contact details of complainant / informant  Demeanour of complainant / informant  Relationship of the complainant / informant to the victim or suspect  Details of action the complainant / informant has taken and where they have been  Details of any hazards or safety issues that may affect Police approaching the scene / victim

Question 82

Describe four of the responsibilities of the OC exhibits in a serious crime investigation.

Answer 82

 To maintain physical security of exhibits (safe storage)  To maintain the continuity of all exhibits (chain of custody)  To establish and maintain exhibit management systems  To ensure all exhibits are fully examined in accordance with the Forensic Strategy meeting decisions  To submit exhibits for examination  To produce exhibits in court  To facilitate the inspection of exhibits by defence counsel.  60. As O/C exhibits attend all investigation team conferences and?  The OC Exhibits must attend all Forensic Strategy Meetings and investigation briefings to facilitate information sharing and where possible, take responsibility for maintaining liaison between OC investigation, 2IC, Crime Scene Co-Ordinator/OC Scene, ESR and other specialists.