General Medical

Question 1

What are the classifications of CBRN agents?

Answer 1

Lethal, Damaging, Incapacitating

Question 2

What are the routes of entry for CBRN agents?

Answer 2

Inhalation, Absorption, Ingestion

Question 3

What are the categories of chemical agents?

Answer 3

Non-persistent, Semi-persistent, Persistent

Question 4

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 4

It gives shape, support and rigidity to the body frame.

It protects vital organs, e.g. brain, lung, heart etc.

It provides an articulated frame which allows movement.

Certain bones contain marrow which produces blood cells

Question 5

What are the 3 types of bone?

Answer 5

Long, Short, Flat

Question 6

Definition of nasogastric intubation?

Answer 6

The passing of a nasogastric tube via the nasal passage down the oesophagus into the stomach

Question 7

Indications for a nasogastric tube?

Answer 7

Prior to intubation to decompress stomach, pre or post abdominal surgery, suspected intestinal obstruction, suspected peritonitis.

Question 8

Contraindications of nasogastric tube?

Answer 8

Nasal trauma, suspected base of skull fracture.

Question 9

Complications of nasogastric tube?

Answer 9

Passing tube into the trachea, coiling of NG tube,induce vomiting, damage to nasal passage.

Question 10

Equipment needed for Nasogatric Intubation?

Answer 10

Gloves, 14Fg nasogastric tube, collection bag, gauze swabs, 50ml syringe, glass of water, pH paper, galipot, kidney dish, forceps, tape.

Question 11

Definition of urinary catheterisation?

Answer 11

The passing of a urethral catheter into the bladder by the urethral or supra-pubic route for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Question 12

Indications for urinary catheterisation?

Answer 12

careful monitoring of fluid balance, casualty is unable to pass urine do to spinal injury, abdominal/pelvic injuries, head injuries, post anaesthetic, unmanageable incontinence.

Question 13

Contra-indications for urinary catheterisation?

Answer 13

Major pelvic fractures, Urethral bleeding.

Question 14

Complications of urinary catheterisation?

Answer 14

Damage to the urethra, local urinary tract infection, uretic catheterisation.

Question 15

What is a blister agent?

Answer 15

A liquid that damages cell DNA resulting in death or exposure of tissue. e.g. mustard and lewsite

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of blister agent when the skin is contaminated?

Answer 16

slow onset, local redness, blistering of the skin, deep destruction of tissue after 2 days.

Question 17

Signs and symptoms of blister agent when the eyes are contaminated?

Answer 17

slow onset, burning pain, streaming eyes, photophobia, temporary blindness.

Question 18

Signs and symptoms of blister agent when respiratory tract is contaminated?

Answer 18

slow onset, running nose, rapid shallow breathing, severe respiratory distress, pulmonary oedema, pnumothorax, bronchitis.

Question 19

Definition of a choking agent?

Answer 19

damages cell membranes in respiratory tract. e.g. chlorine and phosgene.

Question 20

Signs and Symptoms of a choking agent?

Answer 20

May be slow onset 30 mins - 24hrs, mild eye irratation, coughing, pulmonary oedema.

Question 21

Definition of a blood agent?

Answer 21

A blood agent is a non-persistant agent that is taken into the body via inhilation.

Question 22

Signs and symptoms of a blood agent?

Answer 22

cherry red complexion, uncontrollable deep breathing, irritation of eyes and nose, tight chest, coughing, head aches, dizziness and nausea.

Question 23

Definition of a nerve agent?

Answer 23

A potentially lethal chemical agent which interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 24

Early signs and symptoms of a nerve agent?

Answer 24

Dimness of vision
Running nose
Pin point pupils
Tightness of chest

Question 25

Later signs and symptoms of a nerve agent?

Answer 25

Head aches Increase saliva Dizziness and general weakness Excessive sweating

Question 26

Danger signs of a nerve agent?

Answer 26

Nausea and vomiting Involuntary deification and urinating Muscle Spasms Stop breathing

Question 27

Signs and symptoms of atropine overdose?

Answer 27

Hot dry skin A dry mouth Rapid pulse Enlarged pupils

Question 28

Definition of a biological agent?

Answer 28

A micro-organism or biological product which causes disease in man, animals and plants.

Question 29

Scene management?

Answer 29

``` Control Safety Communications Assessment Triage Treatment Transport ```

Question 30

Timings for trauma death?

Answer 30

Instantaneous 0 - 10 mins Early 2 hours Delayed Days later

Question 31

Stages of a Blast?

Answer 31

``` Blast wave Blast wind Frag and bullets Burns Crush Psychological ```

Question 32

Two types of hazard?

Answer 32

Potential | Actual

Question 33

3 components of the hazard spectrum?

Answer 33

Trauma and burns Medical and toxicological Enviromental

Question 34

MIMMS command structure?

Answer 34

Bronze - sight of incident/inner cordon Silver - command area/outer cordon Gold - restriction zone

Question 35

3 types of asthma?

Answer 35

Mild Severe Life threatening

Question 36

Signs and symptoms of mild asthma?

Answer 36

``` Talking Raised RR And tachycardia Medical history PEFR more than 50% ```

Question 37

Signs and symptoms of severe asthma?

Answer 37

``` Cant complete sentences RR more than 25 And tachycardia Wheezing Low PEFR less than 50% ```

Question 38

Signs and symptoms of life threatening asthma?

Answer 38

``` Silent chest Cyanosis Restlessness Unconscious Bradycardia ```

Question 39

What is in the upper airway?

Answer 39

``` Oropharynx Nasopharynx Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Bronchioles Pleura Diaphragm ```

Question 40

Chest injuries?

Answer 40

``` Blast Lung Airway obstruction Tension pneumothorax Open pneumothorax Massive haemothorax Flail segment Cardiac tamponade ```

Question 41

Causes of Anaphylaxis?

Answer 41

``` Drugs Foods Insects Blood transfution Snakes ```

Question 42

Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis?

Answer 42

``` History Pruritis (itching) Rash Swelling of face Nausea and vomiting Pallor ```

Question 43

Management of anaphylaxis?

Answer 43

``` Lay down, legs elevated Remove stings Remove food allergens Epinephrine 1:1000 Evacuate ```

Question 44

Two types of closed wound?

Answer 44

Fractures | Internal haemorrhage

Question 45

Internal bleed check?

Answer 45

``` Chest Retroperitonial Abdomen Missed long bones Pelvis ```

Question 46

Treatment of a fracture?

Answer 46

``` Arrest haemorrhage Don't move casualty unnecessarily Support fracture via splinting treat shock Reassure Pain relief ```

Question 47

Treatment of internal bleed?

Answer 47

``` Compression of injured sighht Elevation Requires urgent evacuation Blood transfusion Surgical intervention ```

Question 48

Types of open wound?

Answer 48

``` Laceration Incision Implement Puncture Absorption Burn GSW/frag External haemorrhages ```

Question 49

Treatment of open wound?

Answer 49

Direct pressure Elevate limb Indirect pressure Splinting of any associated fractures

Question 50

Complications of cannulation?

Answer 50

``` Cannula kink Cannula shear Missed vein Perforated vein Haematoma Damage to other structures ```

Question 51

Cannula Size? and what used for?

Answer 51

Pink Fluid maintenance Green Blood transfusion Grey Trauma Orange/Brown Trauma

Question 52

Cannulation sites?

Answer 52

Median cubical vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein

Question 53

Types of shock?

Answer 53

``` Hypovolaemic shock Anaphylactic shock Septic shock Neurogenic shock Cardiogenic shock ```

Question 54

Signs and symptoms of shock?

Answer 54

``` Reduced blood pressure Increase in pulse and resp rate Pale, cold and clammy Poor urine output Altered level of conscious Anxiety Hypoxia, organ failure Death ```

Question 55

Components of the nervous system?

Answer 55

``` Cerebrum Mid-brain pons varoli Medulla oblangata Cerebellum Spinal cord ```

Question 56

Causes of unconsciousness?

Answer 56

``` Fainting Inter-cranial pressure Severe haemorrhage Head injury Hypoglycaemia Hypothermia Hyperthermia Infection Epilepsy Poisoning Drug/alcohol ingestion Cardiac arrest ```

Question 57

Bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils?

Answer 57

``` Dead Hypoxia Hypovolaemia Atropine Ecstacy ```

Question 58

Unilaterally fixed and dilated pupils?

Answer 58

Brain injury | Stroke

Question 59

Bilaterally pinpointed pupils?

Answer 59

Opiate overdose

Question 60

Irregular pupils?

Answer 60

Trauma Eye operation Stigmatism

Question 61

Types of seizures?

Answer 61

Partial | Generalised

Question 62

Causes of seizures?

Answer 62

``` Mental illness Battle shock Drugs intoxication Hyperventilation Hypothermia Grand mal epilepsy ```

Question 63

Definition of poisoning?

Answer 63

Any substance that is taken in sufficient quantity that can cause harm.

Question 64

Recognition of poisoning?

Answer 64

Quick Hx Ask what was taken Past history of depression, suicide attempts Exposure to chemicals and what type

Question 65

Definition of diabetes?

Answer 65

A lack of insulin available for carbohydrate metabolism which can lead to an altered blood sugar level.

Question 66

Types of diabetes?

Answer 66

Hypoglycaemia | Hyperglycaemia

Question 67

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 67

``` Hx of diabetes Sweaty Tachycardia Dizziness/weakness Tremors Aggressive Un-coordinated Reduced LOC ```

Question 68

Signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

Answer 68

``` Excessive Polyuria Rapid weak pulse Deep laboured breathing Ketosis Confusion Hypo-tension Coma ```

Question 69

Classifications of head injuries?

Answer 69

Scalp wounds Skull fractures Brain injuries