General Microbiology Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of prokaryotic cell
A
Peptidoglycan is present in cell wall
2
Q
Function of cell wall
A
Cell shape and staining charecters
3
Q
Unique structure of bact cell wall
A
Peptidoglycan
4
Q
Deficient cell wall bact
A
Mycoplasma
5
Q
Cytoplasmic membrane function
A
Selective permeability
respiration and energy production
Role in binary fission
Excretion of hydrolytic enzymes
6
Q
Cytoplasmic membrane can be detected by
A
Electron microscope
7
Q
Which species form endospores
A
Bacillus species
8
Q
High temp preferring bact
A
Thermophilic
9
Q
Bact growth phase where growth is zero
A
Lag phase
10
Q
Recovery and convalescence from disease corresponds to
A
Death phase
11
Q
Flagella
A
Motility, has protein called flagellin
12
Q
Organ of adhesion in bact
A
Pili
13
Q
Plasmids
A
Extra chromosomal genetically element
Non essential for bact survival
Replicate independently of the chromosome
Small DNA molecules present in the cytoplasm of most bact
Not present in all bact
Carry genes for antibiotic resistance
14
Q
Plasmid play role in
A
Bacterial resistance
15
Q
Phenotypic variations are characterized by..
A
Occurrence in response to environmental factors
16
Q
Artificial transformation is called
A
Transfection
17
Q
Exotoxins
A
Produced by gram + bact
Protein in nature
High toxicity
Highly antigenic
Specific in action
Converted into toxoids by formalin
18
Q
Bacterial resistance mechanism
A
Decreased permeability, Altered target site, enzymatic inactivation, active efflux
19
Q
Bactericidal effect of quinolones depends on
A
Inhibit bacterial DNA
20
Q
Opportunistic bacterial pathogens
A
Pseudomona aeruginosa, they occur when host immune system is weak
21
Q
In generalized transduction
A
Virulent phage transferes bacterial genes
22
Q
Can grow well in the absence of o2
A
Obligatory anaerobes
23
Q
Bacteria multiply by
A
Binary fission
24
Q
Most bacteria of medical importance are
A
Facultative anaerobes
25
Incubation period of disease corresponds with
Lag phase
26
Transduction is gene transfer by
Bacteriophage
27
Genotypic variations
Irreversible
Heritage
Change of genetic structure
Include mutation and gene transfer
28
Cell shape is determined by
Cell wall
29
Non essential structure of bact cell wall
Flagella
30
Endotoxins
Not protein in nature
Released by lysed bacterial cells
Part of cell wall in gram - bact
Not converted to toxoid by formalin
Heat stable
31
Non essential structures of bact cell
Flagella, pili (fimbriae), spores, capsule
32
Function of bacterial capsule
Anti phagocytic
33
Bactericidal effect of penicillin
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
34
First phase of bact growth curve
Lag phase
35
Bact was first observed and reported bys
Antony van leeuwenhoek
36
Germ theory of disease was postulated by
Louis pasteur
37
Father of microbiology
Louis pasteur
38
... introduced gram staining which made gram + and gram - bact
Christian Gram
39
... discovered penicillin first antibiotic
Alexander fleming
40
... developed electron microscope
Ernst Ruska
41
... developed the technique of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Kary mullis
42
The term vaccine was first coined by
Louis Pasteur
43
Eg that doesn't follow Koch postulates
Mycobacterium Leprae
44
Blood grouping was discovered by
Karl landsteiner
45
... developed vaccine for rabies
Louis pasteur
46
... laid the foundations of immunochemistry
Karl Landsteiner
47
Measurement used in bacteriology
Micron
48
Prokaryotic cells do not have
Mitochondria
49
Prokaryotic cells measure ... micro meter
1 - 8
50
One micron is ... of a mm
One thousandth
51
Exciter filter and barrier filter are used in .... microscope
Fluorescent
52
Viruses can be examined under
Electron microscope
53
Only dead and dried objects can be examined in
Electron microscope
54
Muramic acid is present in cell wall content of
Bacteria
55
Method used for demonstration of spirochetes
Impregnation
56
Acid fast bact can be decolorised with ... % of sulphuric acid
20
57
Acid fast staining was discovered by ...
Ehrlich
58
Diplo bacilli arrangement is seen in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
59
Bacteria arranged in tetrads
Micrococcus
60
Bacteria arranged in eights
Sarcina
61
Bacteria with cuneiform arrangemt
Corynebacteria
62
Resolving power of electron microscope is...
0.1 nm
63
Branching filaments bact
Actinomycetes
64
Chinese letter pattern is seen in
Corynebacterium
65
... is used for negative staining
Nigrosin
66
Aromatic and sulphur containing Aminoacids are present in cell wall of
Gram - bacteria
67
Teichoic acid is present in
Staphylococcus
68
Example of differential staining
Acid fast
69
Organ of locomotion in bact
Flagella
70
... is demonstrated by plasmolysis
Cell wall
71
... acts as a semi permeable membrane
Cytoplasmic membrane
72
... stain is used to demonstrate the granules of corynebacterium diphteriae
Alberts
73
... inhibits phagocytosis
Capsule
74
Capsule can be demonstrated by ...
Quellung reaction
75
... antibodies are non protective but useful in sero diagnosis
Flagella antibodies
76
... help in adhesion
Pili
77
Capsulated bact eg.
Streptococcus pneumonia
78
... is present in gram - bact cell wall
Peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccarides, Outer membrane
79
... is analogous to the mitochondria of eukaryotes
Mesosomes
80
... transmits genetic informed from kne bact to another
Plasmids
81
... can be seen under light microscope
Capsule
82
... are centres of protein synthesis
Ribosome
83
When the flagella is arranged all around the cell it is called ...
Peritrichous
84
When the polar flagella are in tufts, it is called as
Lophotrichous
85
Monotrichous flagellar arrangement is seen in
Vibrio
86
Spores can be destroyed by
Autoclaving
87
Highly resisting resting stages are called
Spores
88
... is formed when there is a depletion of exogenous nutrients
Spores
89
Cell wall def bact
Mycoplasma
90
... precedes by cell division in bacteria
Nuclear division
91
Generation time for coliform bacilli
20 minutes
92
Generation time for tubercule bacilli
20 hours
93
Generation time for lepra bacilli
20 days
94
No appreciable increase in no. of bact cell is seen in ...
Lag phase
95
Depletion of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products are seen in
Stationary phase
96
Cell death due to autolytic enzymes are seen in
Phase of decline
97
Gram variability of bacteria is appreciated in
Stationary phase
98
Involuntary forms are commonly seen in .... phase
Lag
99
Exponentially phase precedes the
Lag phase
100
Cell division stops in
Stationary phase
101
Bacteria that derive energy from sunlight
Phototrophs
102
.... bacteria are unable to grow with co2 as their sole source of carbon
Heterotrophs
103
Water content of bact cell is
80%
104
Obligate aerobe eg
Pseudomonas
105
Bact growing in presence of co2
Capnopholic
106
Bact that grows best at 20-45 Celsius are called..
Mesophilic
107
Bacteria that grow best below 20 Celsius are..
Psychrophilic
108
Bacteria that grow between 55 - 80 celcius
Thermophilic
109
... are unaffected by drying
Spores
110
A holding period of ... is used to sterilize liquid paraffin
160 Celsius for one hour
111
Bacteria used for Biological control of autoclave
Bacillus stearothermophilus
112
Average pore diameter of membrane filter is ... micro m
0.22
113
The lowest temp that kills a bacterium under standard conditions in a given time is..
Thermal death point
114
Drying in vacuum in the cold..
Deep freezing
115
... does not possess deoxyribonucleoprotein
Bacteria
116
Ionizing radiation are referred to as ...
Cold sterilisation
117
... is an example for alcoholic disinfectant
Isopropyl alcohol
118
... tube is used for sterilization control for dry heat
Browne
119
Carbolic acid eg
Phenol
120
Media containing sugar can be sterilized using ...
Tyndallisation
121
Media containing sugar can be sterilized using ...
Tyndallisatiob
122
The temp used for flash process of pasteurization is ...
72 Celsius for 20 seconds
123
Temp for holder process of pasteurization
63 celcius for 30 minutes
124
... filters tend to alkalinize filtered liquids
Asbestos filters
125
Metallic salt used as mild antiseptic
Phenyl mercury nitrate
126
Simple media eg
Nutrient agar
127
Agar melts at ... celcius
98 celcius
128
Enriched media eg
Blood media
129
Anaerobic media eg
Robertson cooked meat media
130
Differential media eg
MacConkey's medium
131
Transport media eg
Stuarts medium
132
... % of agar is used to prepare solid media
2 %
133
... % of agr is used to prepare semi solid media
0.2 - 0.5 %
134
... medium is used yo isolate fastidious organism
Chocolate agar
135
Selective medium for Vibrio cholerae is
Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose agar
136
Anaerobic culture method eg
Gas pack method
137
Potassium tellurite is an eg of ... media
Indicator media
138
... Chemical absorbs o2
Alkaline pyrogallol
139
... can be used as reducing agent for maintain anaerobic condition
Thioglycollate
140
Inoculation loop is made up of ... wire
Platinum
141
Optimum temp for bacterial growth in a medium is ...
37 celcius for 24 hours
142
... is used in separation of motile from non motile bacteria
Craigie's tube
143
The morphology and staining charecteristic helps in ...
Preliminary identification of bacteria
144
... is comma shaped bact
Vibrio
145
... tube is used for determining gas production
Durham's tube
146
Colony size should be measured in
Millimeter
147
Heat tolerance is used to identify ... species
Enterococcus
148
Stormy clot reaction is used to identify ...
Clostrodium perfringens
149
Indole test detects ... enzyme
Tryptophanase
150
PPA test detects ... enzyme
Phenyl alanine deaminase
151
... medium is used for Urease testing
Christensens
152
... medium is used for citrate utilization test
Kosers
153
Eg of phenotypic identification
Biochemical testing
154
... is the standard taxonomical unit of biology
Species
155
... is useful tool for identifying many new unculturable pathogens
16SrRNA
156
A population of bacteria derived from a particular source is called as ...
Strain
157
Hierarchial classification based on evolutionary arrangement of species is called as ... classification
Phylogenetic
158
... type of intraspecies bacterial classification is based on biochemical properties
Bio type
159
... type of intraspecies bacterial classification is based on antigenic features
Sero type
160
... is not seen in DNA
Uracil
161
A random, undirected, heritage variations caused by an alteration in the nucleotide sequence at some point of the DNA of the cell is called as ..
Mutation
162
... is the transfer of genetic information through the free DNA
Transformation
163
... is the transfer of genetic information through bacteriophage
Transduction
164
... is the transfer of genetic information through sex pilus
Conjugation
165
In microbial genetics F stands for ...
Fertility
166
... is the transfer factor that contains the genetic information for the formation of sex pilus
F Factor
167
... experiment explains transformation
Griffith
168
... are extrachromosomal genetic material
Plasmids
169
... are the jumping genes
Transposons
170
Parasite interactions where both host and parasite are benefited ...
Mutualism
171
The size of antibiotic disc is ... in diameter
6mm
172
Antibacterial susceptibility testing is performed in ... medium
Muller Hinton agar
173
... antibiotic is produced by by bacillus subtilis
Bacitracin
174
Amantadine is a ...
Antiviral drug
175
Metronidazole
Inhibits protozoal metabolism
176
Leprosy is not vaccine preventable
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis are vaccine preventable
177
BCG should be administered at ...
Birth
178
Varicella vaccine is recommended at ... of age
9 months
179
A second dose of TT to be given after ... of first dose
One month
180
... vaccine is administered for pregnant women
TT
181
... needs to be tested only against urinary pathogens
Nitrofurantoin
182
Father of microbiology
Louis pasteur
183
Developed the first vaccine in the world
Edward jenner
184
First vaccine developed in the world
Small pox
185
Small pox was developed using ... virus
Cowpox
186
... is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery
Joseph lister
187
... flourescent dye is used for malarial parasites
Acridine orange
188
... flourscent dye is used M. Tuberculosis
Auramine phenol
189
Invented electron microscope
Ernst Ruska
190
Discovers PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
Karry B Mullis
191
... is the common name for corynebacterium diphtheria
Klebloefflers bacillus
192
... is the common name for burkholderia pseudomallei
Whitmore bacillis
193
... is the common name for haemophilus influenza
Pfeiffer bacillus
194
... is very useful in demonstration of bacterial capsules
Negative staining
195
Lipids are stained by ...
Sudan black
196
... method is used for demonstration of bacterial flagella
Silver impregnation
197
Examples of vital stains are
Eosin, Propidium iodine, Trypa blue, Neutral red, Erythrosine
198
Examples of acid fast parasites ...
Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Isospora
199
... method is used for staining spores
Schaeffer and Fulton method
200
Example of pleomorphic GNB
Haemophilus
201
Example of capsulated fungus
Cryptococcus
202
... is the serological test for demonstration of capsule for Streptococcus pneumoniae
Quelling reaction
203
... method is used for demonstration of flagella
Leifsons method, Ryu's method
204
... method is used for demonstrating motility
Hanging drop
205
Direct demonstrated of fimbriae is done by ... microscopy
Electron microscopy
206
Spores of ... are used as sterilization control for autoclave
Geo bacillus stearo thermophilus
207
Spores of non toxigenic strains of ... are used as sterilization control for hot air ovens
Clostridium tetani
208
Spores of ... are used as agents of bioterrorism
Bacillus anthracis
209
Surface viable count is done by ... method
Miles and Misra
210
Eg for obligate aerobe
Pseudomonas
211
Eg for aerotolerant anaerobe
Clostridium histolyticum
212
Eg for capnophilic bacteria is ...
Brucella abortus
213
Eg for obligate intercellular fungus ...
Pneumocystis jirovecii
214
Pasteurization are used for killing all non sporing pathogens except
Coxiella burnetti
215
... filters removes from the air 99.999% of particles of size >0.12micro m
ULPA
216
... filters removes from the air 99.97% of particles of size >0.3micro m
HEPA
217
... causes breakage of DNA without temp rise
Cold sterilization
218
... is used for sterilization of endoscopes
Glutar aldehyde, Orthophth aldehyde
219
... is the active ingredient of Dettol
Chloroxylenon
220
... is a chemical sterility to disinfect hemodialyzers
Peracetic acid
221
... is recently introduced sterilization device used for creating plasma state
Plasma sterilization
222
... solution is used for eyes of infants to prevent opthalmia neonatorum
Silver nitrate 1%
223
... is a widely used gaseous chemical sterilant
Ethylene oxide
224
Alkaline peptone water is an enrichment broth used for
Vibrio cholerae
225
... agar is used for isolation of enteric pathogens
XLD, DCA
226
... is transport medium for Streptococcus
Pikes media
227
... is transport medium for vibrio cholera
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Cary Blair, autoclaved sea water
228
... is a quantitative method detecting MIC by using the principles of both the dilution and diffusion into the medium
E test or Epsilometer
229
... is the drug resistance drug for MRSA
Mec A
230
... method is used inoculate the organism onto MHA
Lawn culture
231
... strains are used as control strains
American type culture collection
