General Muscle Information

Question 1

Who is the Father of Modern Anatomy?

Answer 1

Andreas Vesalius

Question 2

Who is the Father of Archaic Anatomy?

Answer 2

Galen

Question 3

What are the 3 types of levers in the body? Give an example for each.

Answer 3

1. First class lever (fulcrum between the load and the force; ideal for weight-bearing): hip joint, elbow extension, spine, knee
2. Second class lever (load between fulcrum and force): ankle joint
3. Third class lever (force between fulcrum and load; for reaching and exploring space): shoulder joint, elbow flexion, phalanges

Question 4

Differentiate loose connective tissue from dense connective tissue.

Answer 4

Loose connective tissues are moderately abundant, loosely interwoven fibers.

Dense connective tissues are very abundant, densely packed fibers.

Question 5

What is the composition and structure of ground substance?

Answer 5

Composition: Proteoglycans (95% protein; 95% polysaccharides Structure: Bottle brush molecule

Question 6

What is the major polysaccharide of ground substance? Give examples of this polysaccharide.

Answer 6

Glycosaminoglycans: They serve as the “bristles” of the bottle brush structure Examples: Chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid

Question 7

What is the non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan that serves a the central molecule for the bottle brush model?

Answer 7

Hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the function of collagen?

Answer 8

Provides strength so tissues do not fall apart.

Question 9

What are the types of collagen?

Answer 9

Type I: Most ubiquitous; present in dermis, bone, tendon, fascia, and organ capsules

Type II: In hyaline and elastic cartilage

Type III: In loose connective tissue Type IV: In dermo-epidermal junction

*Types I-XXI: Differentiated by hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine content.

Question 10

What is the vitamin necessary for the formation of collagen?

Answer 10

Vitamin C (You can’t spell collagen without “C”!)

Question 11

What are the 2 types of cartilage formation? Differentiate them.

Answer 11

Appositional growth: Growth outside

Interstitial growth: Growth inside

Question 12

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

Answer 12

Sites of insertion of ligaments and tendons into bone

annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs

Question 13

Which cartilage type resembles dense regular connective tissue?

Answer 13

Fibrocartilage

Question 14

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage matrix?

Answer 14

Type II, which forms no bundles because it doesn’t have any fibers

Question 15

What is the principle glycosaminoglycan of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 15

Chondroitin sulfate

Question 16

True or false: Bones have high compressive and tensile strength, extensive elasticity, and are heavy-weighted.

Answer 16

False. Bones have high compressive and tensile strength, LIMITED elasticity, and are LIGHTWEIGHT.

Question 17

What are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 17

Compact bone (substancia compacta)

Spongy bone (substancia spongiosa)

Question 18

What type of collagen makes up bone matrix?

Answer 18

Type I

Question 19

What are 2 non-collagen proteins found only in bone matrix?

Answer 19

Osteocalcin

Osteopontin

Question 20

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

Answer 20

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 21

Differentiate osteoblasts from osteoclasts.

Answer 21

Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells

Osteoclasts: Cells involved in bone resorption

Osteo”B”lasts give Birth Osteo”C”lasts cause Catastrophe

Question 22

What are the 2 different methods of bone formation?

Answer 22

Intramembranous ossification: Bone is formed directly in primitive connective tissue

Endochondral ossification: Bone formation takes place in preexisting cartilage

Question 23

In endochondral ossification, primary centers of ossification occurs in the _________ of long bones.

Answer 23

Diaphysis.

Secondary centers of ossification occurs in the epiphysis.

Question 24

What are the 4 zones observed in the cytomorphosis of cartilage cells?

Answer 24

Zone of proliferation, maturation, hypertrophy, degeneration

Question 25

Proliferation of cartilage cells leads to growth in the _\_\_\_\_\_\_\__ of the long bone? A. Length B. Diameter

Answer 25

A. Length. Long bone diameter growth is the result of appositional deposition of membrane bone beneath the periosteum.

Question 26

True or false: Bone shape is maintained during growth by continual surface remodelling.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Give the 3 types of muscle tissue.

Answer 27

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Question 28

Give the 3 coverings of skeletal muscle.

Answer 28

From outer-inner covering: epimysium (whole muscle enclosed), perimysium (fascicle enclosed), and endomysium (muscle fibers enclosed)

Question 29

What is the smallest repeating unit of a muscle?

Answer 29

Sarcomere

Question 30

What are the striations of skeletal muscle?

Answer 30

Z-line, I-band, A-band, H-band/H-zone, M-line, sarcomeres

Question 31

What organelle does the sarcoplasmic reticulum correspond to?

Answer 31

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (no ribosomes vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum)

Question 32

What is the protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is required for sequestering calcium?

Answer 32

Calsequestrin, which is stored in the terminal cistern and released upon muscular contraction

Question 33

What organelle does the sarcosome correspond to?

Answer 33

Mitochondria

Question 34

True or false: The sarcoplasm corresponds to cytoplasm.

Answer 34

True. Sarcoplasm also contains myoglobin (stores oxygen and gives the muscle a brownish color) and glycogen (energy storage polysaccharide).

Question 35

What are the 3 proteins that make up the thin filament?

Answer 35

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

Question 36

What is the protein that makes up the thick filament?

Answer 36

Myosin

Question 37

Protein that extends from the M-line to the Z-line.

Answer 37

Titin. It is incorporated in the A-line's thick filament.

Question 38

Protein that functions to prevent overstretching of the muscle.

Answer 38

Titin. Alpha-actinin functions to hold the titin and actin/thin filaments at the Z-line.

Question 39

What protein holds the myosin thick filaments together?

Answer 39

Myomyesin.

Question 40

What comprises the sarcotubular system/triad?

Answer 40

2 terminal cisternae (calcium reservoir) 1 T-tubule (stimulates terminal cisternae to release calcium)

Question 41

What are the 3 main processes involved in the sliding filament theory?

Answer 41

Activation Formation of cross bridge Power stroke

Question 42

What is the neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction?

Answer 42

Acetylcholine

Question 43

Cardiac muscle pigment that increases as one gets older.

Answer 43

Lipofuscin. It is also called the "wear and tear pigment" or residual bodies.

Question 44

In cardiac muscle, what are the 3 types of cellular attachments in intercalated discs?

Answer 44

Fascia adherentes (actin anchoring sites where filaments attach) Macula adherentes/desmosome (binds cardiac cells together preventing them from being pulled apart) Gap junction (providing ionic continuity)

Question 45

True or false: Cardiac muscles contain triad systems.

Answer 45

False. Cardiac myscles contain DIAD systems (1 T-tubule, 1 terminal cisternae).

Question 46

What pre-synaptic proteins are affected by the botulinum and tetanus toxins?

Answer 46

VAMP - inhibited by tetanus and botulinum toxin (B, D, F, G) SNAP 25 - inhibited by Botulinum toxin (A, C, E) I can ACE my exam in a SNAP! VAMPires have "T"eeth and "B"lood (tetanus and botulinum toxins)

Question 47

Name the drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction by mimicry.

Answer 47

Metacholine, carbachol, nicotine \*Mimicry: stimulate the junction by its acetylcholine-like action Drugs: \*Mechanism: Not destroyed by acetylcholinesterase or destroyed slowly – action persists for hours -- persistence of muscle contraction

Question 48

Name the drug that affects the neuromuscular junction by competitive inhibition.

Answer 48

Curariform drugs \*Mechanism: Higher affinity for Ach receptor sites --\> No contraction is generated leading to paralysis

Question 49

Name the drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction by inactivating acetylcholinesterase.

Answer 49

Neostigmine Dhysostigmine Diisopropyl fluorophosphate ("nerve gas") \*Mechanism: Acetylcholine not degraded, increases in quantity, accumulate --\> repetitive stimulation of muscle --\> increase contraction --\> muscular spasm

Question 50

Botulinum toxin causes _______ paralysis. A. Flaccid B. Spastic

Answer 50

A. FLACCID paralysis (cleaves VAMP and SNAP 25 at the NMJ) \*Tetanus toxin causes SPASTIC paralysis by cleaving VAMP at the CNS. \*Remember: VAMPires have "T"eeth in "B"ottles. (VAMP is affected by both "B"otulinum and "T"etanus toxins).

Question 51

Type of cartilage found in tracheal rings, nose & larynx, joint surfaces, ventral ends of ribs

Answer 51

Hyaline cartilage

Question 52

Type of cartilage found in external ear, walls of auditory and Eustachian canals, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages

Answer 52

Elastic cartilage