General Nutrients and Nutritions

Question 1

What are the three essential fatty acids?

Answer 1

Linoleic, Linolenic, and Arachidonic Acid

Question 2

RDAs (Recommended Daily Allowances) vary with:

Answer 2

• Age: need more for infants than adults - Sex: Male RDAs about 20% greater than for female, except for IRON - Other: Pregnancy increases RDAs by 20-30 %, illness also increases RDAs

Question 3

Target Calories for good health for a 70 kg adult male and a 50 kg female:

Answer 3

• 70 kg male: 2900 Kcal/day - 50 kg female: 2100 kcal/day

Question 4

What’s the breakdown of the energy produced from the diet:

Answer 4

• Basal metabolic rate: 60% - Thermic (body heat): 10% - Physical Activity (varies): 30 %

Question 5

Recommended supply of energy from each of the macronutrients:

Answer 5

• Carbohydrates: 60% - Protein: 10% - Fat: 30 %

Question 6

What’s the energy yield of each macronutrient:

Answer 6

• Carbohydrate: 4 Kcal/g - Protein: 4 Kcal/g - Fat: 9 Kcal/g

Question 7

What percent of dietary fat is triglycerides?

Answer 7

90% - note: animal fatty acids are generally more saturated (more energy) than plants.

Question 8

Carbohydrates are taken in as:

Answer 8

• Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides - Fiber

Question 9

Fiber doesn’t provide energy, but what does it do?

Answer 9

• Softens stool - Promotes motility - Decreases absorption of toxic compounds - Decreases colon cancer

Question 10

Protein dietary sources are evaluated on their ability to provide:

Answer 10

• PVT TIM HALL (essential amino acids) - essential amino acids are AA that we need but can’t make - Egg albumin (egg white) are gold standard for proteins

Question 11

Goals for balancing our Calorie (Kcal) sources:

Answer 11

• Carbohydrates: 60 % - Protein: 10 % - Fat: 30 % (10 monounsaturated, 10 polyunsaturated, 10 saturated)

Question 12

1 cup of 1% low fat milk contains 8g protein, 11g carbohydrates, and 2.6 g fat. Calculate total Calories per 1 cup of milk.

Answer 12

• 8g protein (4Kcal/g) = 32 Kcal of Protein - 11g carboh (4Kcal/g) = 44 Kcal of Carb - 2.6g fat (9Kcal/g) . = 23.4 Kcal of Fat ————————————- 99.4 Kcal/Cup

Question 13

What’s the main source of energy for the brain? And what percentage does it make of our bodies?

Answer 13

• Glucose - Less than 1% - Our bodies are mostly water (55%)

Question 14

Body composition of a healthy adult (on the boards):

Answer 14

• Water: 55 %
• Intracellular: 65%
• Extracellular: 35%
• Interstitial: 75%
• Plasma: 25%
• Protein: 19%
• Fat: 19%
• Minerals and inorganics: 7%
• Carbohydrates: < 1%
• Vitamins: <0.01%

Question 15

Formula for BMR

Answer 15

BMR = weight (kg) x (24Kcal/kg)

Question 16

What compostion of the body is minerals and inorganics?

Answer 16

7%

Question 17

What are the most abundant minerals in the body?

Answer 17

Ca++ (calcium)

PO4 -3 (phosphorus)

Question 18

What’s the main anion in intra and extracellular fluid?

Answer 18

Cl-

Question 19

There is no direct causal relationsip between Na+ and hypertension, but diet low in ………and high in…….is associated with low blood pressure and lower incidence of stroke

Answer 19

• low sodium
• high potassium

Question 20

What are the most abundant minerals in the body?

Answer 20

• Ca++ and PO4 -3
• much is found in the crystalizd form of calcium phosphate found in bone and teeth (hydroxyapatite)
• Ca is also ued as a second messenger, regulates threshold for action potential, regulates exocytosis, and participates in blood clotting and enzyme reactions.
• Phosphate plays a key role in energy metabolism, being a part of many metabolic intermediates.

Question 21

Osteoporosis

Answer 21

• Can result when dietary Ca++ is not processed appropriately.

Question 22

Iron (Fe+2, Fe+3)

Answer 22

• most body iron is found in heme proteins which are found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes.
• Iron is transported in blood bound to plasma protein transferrin*** and can be stored in some tissues bound to ***ferritin.
• iron deficency anemia: result of iron deficiency, most commonly seen in premenopausal women or in people with undetected GI bleeding.
• Excess iron accumulates in hemosiderin*** which can damage ***liver,*** heart, pancreas and spleen. Condition called ***hemochromatosis, and treat by periodic phlebotomy.

Question 23

Magnesium (Mg++)

Answer 23

• Dr. Tim said not to worry about it.
• Helps to stabilize ATP (exists as Mg-ATP) and is therefore an unwritten cofactor in many reactions.
• High Mg++ levels can deprss CNS function and slow H.R.

—-> Cardiac Arrest

Question 24

Sulfur (S)

Answer 24

• Dr. Tim said not to worry about it.
• Found in amino acids, Coenzyme-A, connective tissue and some bile acids.
• most of Sulfur comes from dietary protein.

Question 25

Iodine (I)

Answer 25

- 70-80 % is concentrated in ***_thyroid gland_*** and is used to make thyroid hormoness. - low levels -----\> Goiter....treated by ***_iodized salts._***

Question 26

Fluoride (F-)

Answer 26

- not absolutely essential - gets incorporated into ***_hydroxyapatite_*** and makes it less soluble ---\> stronger bones and teeth. ***_Hydroxyapatite_*** ------(F^-)---------\> ***_Fluoroapatite_***

Question 27

Trace Elements

Answer 27

- Dr. Tim said not to worry about it. - necessary for health, but in very low []. - Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Zinc

Question 28

Vitamins

Answer 28

- term comes from "vital amine" recognizing they serve key roles as cofactors in many enzymatic reactions even though they are not abundant in cells. - In recent decades, it has been found that greater than RDA doses of vitamins can be used PROPHYLACTICALLY to prevent/diminish some diseases. - Vitamins are classified by groupings: - Fat Soluble (4): A D E K - Water Soluble (9): - Non-B complex: C (ascorbic acid) - B complex: - Energy releasing: B1, B2, B3, Biotin, Pantothenic acid - Hematopoietic: Folic Acid, B12 (Cobalamin) - Other: B6 (pyridoxine), Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine

Question 29

B complex vitamins

Answer 29

“***_T_***he ***_R_***odeo ***_N_***ever ***_P_***urchases ***P***ansy ***_B_***ulls ***_F_***or ***_C_***owboys”

Question 30

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 30

- 9 of them and many are precursors of cofactors in energy meabolism. - In general, they are non-toxic even in excess, because 1. they are not stored to any great extent and 2. readily excreted in urine, which means we need a continual supply of them. - Broken into B complex and Non-B complex (Ascorbic acid, C) - B complex: The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys * Thiamine (B1) * Riboflavin (B2) * Niacin (B3) * Biotin (B7)....remember the number 7 is for perfection * Pantothenate (B5) * Folate (B9) * Cobalamin (B12) * Pyridoxine (B6) - Non-B complex: * Ascorbate (vitamin C) - Just know the name, the number, the active form, and the disorders associated. - Dr. Tim's go to question deals with the three D's of Pellagra!

Question 31

Thiamine

Answer 31

* B1 * Active form: Thiamine pyrophosphate * Disorders: * ***_Beriberi:_*** severe thiamine deficiency, when polished rice (white rice) is a major food. Characterized by dry skin, irritability, thought disorders, progressive paralaysis and possible death. * ***_Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome_***: Thiamine deficiency most common with alcholism. “The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

Question 32

Riboflavin

Answer 32

* **_B2_** * Active Forms: ***_Flavin mono-nucleotide (FMN)_*** and ***_Flavin Adenine dinucleotide (FAD)_*** * Deficiency: rarely seen alone, but ***_vegans_*** need to beware because ultraviolet light degrades riboflavin and their only source would be green leafy vegetables. “The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

Question 33

Niacin

Answer 33

* B3 * Active forms: ***_Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)_***, and ***_Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)_*** * Deficiency: ***_Pellagra***_ (_***dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)_*** * ***_​3DS_*** * ***_​​_***High levels inhibit lipolysis, so can be used to treat hyperlipoprotenemia “The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

Question 34

Biotin

Answer 34

* B7 * Active form: Biotin * It's a coenzyme in carboxylation ractions holding the activated CO2 until it is bound to the substrate. * covalentely bound to lysine R groups in biotin-requiring enzymes. * Deficiency: uncommon “The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

Question 35

Pantothenate

Answer 35

* B5 * It's active form is a component of Coenzyme-A (basically ADP + Pantothenate) * Deficiency: rare “The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

Question 36

Folate

Answer 36

* B9 I think? * Active form: ***_Tetrahydrofolate_***, which is important in purine and pyrimidine metabolism. (can donate a methyl group) * Deficiency in early gestation results in ***_Neural Tube Defects_***

Question 37

Cobalamin

Answer 37

* B12 * needed for 2 reactions: synthesis of methionine and metabolism of methylmalonyl CoA * Deficiency: rare * Important (question will likely be asked): Lack of ***_intrinsic factor***_ (due to gastrectomy or tapeworm) results in _***Pernicious anemia._***

Question 38

Pyridoxine

Answer 38

* B6 * The term refers to the 3 precursors of the active form ***_pyridoxal phosphate._*** * ***_Amino acid metabolism_*** * Deficiency: rare “The Rodeo Never Purchases Pansy Bulls For Cowboys”

Question 39

Ascorbate (Vitamin C) Non-B complex Water soluble vitamin

Answer 39

* Vitamin C * important in ***_hydroxylation_*** of proline and lysine, which is critical for collagen synthesis. * Deficiency: ***_Scurvy_*** * Mega doses were advocate to prevent cold, but with no good supporting evidence. Does appear to promote good health. * Vitamin C also acts as an ***_antioxidant_***, inactivating free radicals, and therefore protects membrane from damage. * So does B-Carboteen and ***_Vitamin E._***

Question 40

FAT Soluble Vitamins

Answer 40

A D E K

Question 41

Fat soluble vitamins general

Answer 41

* of A D E K, only K has a cofactor function. * Because they are hydrophobic, they are not readily cleared in urine, and there are significant stores in liver and adipose tissue. * Unlike water soluble vitamins, excessive amounts of vitamins A and D can be ***_toxic._***

Question 42

Vitamin A (Retinol)

Answer 42

* Active form: ***_Retinoic acid_*** in functions related to growth and maintenance of epithelium. * receptors in nucleus and regulate gene expression. * Active form: ***_Retinol_*** (in ***_Rhodopsin)_*** for visual transduction * Retinoids are molecules that look like prostaglandins with one leg removed. * stored in liver and transferred in plasma by ***_Rtinol-Binding protein_*** * Deficiency: ***_night blindness_***

Question 43

Vitamin D

Answer 43

* Active form: ***_Calcitrol (1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol)_*** * acts as a steroid hormone, altering gene expression * important role in regualting plasma Ca++ and PO4 * Deficiency: ***_Rickets_*** in children (weak bones), ***_Osteomalacia (in adults)._*** * Toxicity: ***_Most Toxic_*** of all vitamins. * ***_hypercalcemia_*** ---\> Ca crystals in blood and kidney.

Question 44

Vitamin E

Answer 44

* Active form: alpha-tocopherol is the most active of 8 tocopherols * major role: ***_antioxidant_*** * Deficiency: abnormal lipid absorption and transport, rare

Question 45

Vitamin K

Answer 45

* important in ***_blood Klotting_*** * Note: ***_Warfarin (coumadin),_*** an analog of vitamin K inhibits blood clotting. * Deficiency: ***_hypoprothrombinemia_*** (increased bleeding) * Vitamin K required for: * Factors 2(prothrombin), 7, 9 10 * made in ***_liver_***